系统化、自然化、经济化、人性化—城市人居环境规划方法的生态转型

讨论了城市环境问题的生态学实质,国际城市人居环境生态学研究动向,以及城市人居环境建设的生态转型方法,重点介绍了城市人居环境规划中的系统化,自然化,经济化,人性化趋势,并从观念与目标的转型,规划与设计的转型和技术与材料革新等方面探讨了城市生态建设的转型方法。     

江苏-南黄海地区断裂带附近的小震活动与主震的关系

通过对 1 970年以来 ,江苏南黄海地区的 9次ML>5 4中强地震发生前的中小震活动分析 ,发现该地区ML>5 4中强地震 (本文称为主震 )发生前 2～ 3年内均有一系列ML3 0左右中小地震发生 ,而且这些中小地震的空间分布与主震在同一断裂带上。根据断裂带上的中小震活动情况 ,运用地震活动性的有关分析方法 ,对未来地震进行外推 ,并进行检验。得出 ,可以将断裂带附近发生的一些ML3 0左右的小震 ,视为该断裂带上将要发生的主震     

Analysis of a gas-phase partitioning tracer test conducted in an unsaturated fractured-clay formation

The gas-phase partitioning tracer method was used to estimate non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), water, and air saturations in the vadose zone at a chlorinated-solvent contaminated field site in Tucson, AZ. The tracer test was conducted in a fractured-clay system that is the confining layer for the underlying regional aquifer. Three suites of three tracers were injected into wells located 14, 24, and 24 m from a single, central extraction well. The tracers comprised noble gases (traditionally thought to be nonsorbing), alkanes (primarily water partitioning), perfluorides (primarily NAPL partitioning), and halons (both NAPL and water partitioning). Observations of vacuum response were consistent with flow in a fractured system. The halon tracers exhibited the greatest amount of retardation, and helium and the perfluoride tracers the least. The alkane tracers were unexpectedly more retarded than the perfluoride tracers, indicating low NAPL saturations and high water saturations. An NAPL saturation of 0.01, water saturation of 0.215, and gas saturation of 0.775 was estimated based on analysis of the suite of tracers comprising helium, perfluoromethylcyclohexane and dibromodifluoromethane, which was considered to be the most robust set. The estimated saturations compare reasonably well to independently determined values.     

河岸混合植物带改善河水水质的现场研究

在1年的时间里在现场利用混合植物河岸带、无植物空白带对受污染河水进行处理.对COD、NH 4、TP、浊度和水温进行了监测,并比较了不同季节里混合植物带改善河水水质的效果.混合植物带在夏、秋季改善河水水质的效果好于冬、春季.混合植物带在夏季对COD、NH4 -N、TP和浊度的去除率分别为37.01%、69.21%、62.45%和99.17%,在冬季对河水水质也有一定程度的改善.混合植物带可以降低河水温度及河水早晚温差,起到改善局部水环境的作用.混合植物带与空白带的对比表明植物对去除水中污染物、改善局部水环境起着重要作用.     

平原河网河道结构与水体自净能力关系实验研究

文章利用模拟实验开展了平原地区缓流河道中的水质变化对河道水流速度与来水水质的响应规律研究。结果显示,当流速<0.5m/h时,河道中的各种污染物主要以沉积过程为主。当流速在0.5～1.5m/h时,水体最易受外界有机物输入的影响,容易引起局部水质的恶化。当流速>1.5m/h时,水动力条件有利于河道中的有机物的降解,但促进了底泥磷的释放,并会导致下游河道营养盐的升高。所以在河道改造、城市生态河网建设与管理中,应从区域河网整体着手,也应注意缓流河道中来水水质的管理。     

水循环周期对生态床内氮形态转化过程的影响

构建复合生态床修复北方景观水体,通过控制出水循环周期,研究不同循环速率下水体氮在系统内的转换及不同转换过程之间的关系,深入分析复合基质生态床修复景观水的过程及作用机理.结果表明,当循环周期为1 h和1.5 h时,溶解氧经首次循环由7提高至11左右,并始终保持较高水平;C/N由进水时4～6提高至出水时6～10,C/N的升高说明系统中N的相对去除率高于C,循环促进了氮及有机物的去除.出水循环提高了NH⁺₄-Ｎ、NO^-₂-Ｎ及TN的去除率, 且循环速率的提高使得硝化作用进行得更加迅速和彻底,补充了氮从系统中去除的好氧反硝化途径.当循环周期为1.5 h和1 h时,NH⁺₄-Ｎ与NO^-₂-Ｎ去除过程间的相关系数值分别为0.885 3和0.968 5;NO^-₂-Ｎ与TN去除过程间的相关系数随循环速率加快而增加,最高为0.942 4.当循环速率加快,NH⁺₄-Ｎ的氧化与NO^-₂-Ｎ的氧化2个过程间的传递更加迅速, 缩短了氮在系统中的转化途径,且循环速率越快,整个转化越迅速.     

略论建设长江经济带

强调指出长江沿岸地区是我国本世纪末或更长时期内重点开发的地区之一,论述了建设长江经济带的必要性和长江流域的资源秉赋,提出了建设长江经济带的基本构想以及应采取的战略措施。     

Long-term dynamics of radioactive <Superscript>90</Superscript>Sr and <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs contamination of small mammals in the Chernobyl zone

Between 1986 and 1994, a decrease in nonalimentary ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs intake and changes in the accessibility of radionuclides in the soil-plant link of their cycle resulted in a 10-to 100-fold decrease in their specific activity (SA) in the bodies of small mammals inhabiting the Chernobyl zone, and a similar decrease was observed in the radionuclide transition factor (TF) in the soil-animal chain. Between 1995 and 2005, no consistent increase or decrease in SA or TF could be revealed against the background of a combined effect of different physicochemical and ecological factors. It is suggested that subsequent changes in the level of radioactive contamination of small mammals will generally reflect only the dynamics of physical ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs decay, but, nevertheless, seasonal and local variations in this level will be significant.     

B样条曲线曲面特殊形状的构造原理与方法

在曲线曲面的设计中,经常遇到特殊形状的设计,如直线中插入尖点和直线段,曲面中插入棱线和直纹面,这些简单重型值点方法来实现,但若在曲面中夹尖点,平面片和棱角仍存在较大困难,而这些特殊形状在曲面设计中又经常用到,本文通过巧妙地构造型值点阵,得到了夹平面片,尖点和棱角的3次B样条曲面的构造原理与方法.图8,参6.     

Vegetation restoration dynamics in the forest-steppe system of the middle Volga region

The current dynamics of ecosystems of the forest-steppe system is most adequately described via determining the probable trajectories of changes in its elements in a simple Markov chain. The obtained data have made it possible to determine the direction of succession and draw its scheme. Theoretically possible series of community development are presented. The succession of community restoration from the spread of shrubs over steppificated fallow lands to the formation of low forests of European bird cherry has been analyzed. The restoration cycle of ecosystem dynamics is described by eight age stages.