大跨度公路隧道洞口段爆破对高边坡安全影响研究

为研究大断面公路隧道洞口段爆破开挖对边坡稳定性的影响,以某公路隧道洞口段工程为研究背景,基于Abaqus有限元软件,建立隧道—边坡三维数值计算模型,研究隧道洞口段爆破开挖对两侧高边坡安全性的影响,并分析砂浆锚杆对边坡的加固效果。结果表明:隧道洞口段爆破开挖施工时边坡坡脚处围岩振速最大,爆破对边坡水平振速影响较竖向振速及轴向振速更为显著,爆破时应控制坡脚及坡肩的水平振速;边坡坡面最大振速出现在洞口边坡坡面与仰坡坡面交线位置,边坡坡面与仰坡坡面交线上顶点为坡肩振速最危险的特征点,下端点为坡面振速最危险的特征点;增加锚杆长度对边坡水平位移的控制效果较竖向位移更为显著,锚杆长度宜取14 m。研究结果可为类似工程提供理论借鉴。     

广西水源涵养型重点生态功能区生态状况变化

文章利用2010年、2018年生态环境监测与评价项目土地利用类型数据,通过生态功能指数、生态结构指数和生态胁迫指数综合反映重点生态功能区生态状况,分析 2010-2018年广西水源涵养型重点生态功能区的生态状况变化趋势。结果表明,广西水源涵养型重点生态功能区林地覆盖率明显提升,生态状况改善。其中疏林地及其他林地向有林地、灌木林地转变是水源涵养指数提升的主要原因,退耕还林、封山育林等措施对重点生态功能区生态状况改善发挥重要作用。     

Altitudinal Distribution of Meltwater and Its Effects on Glacio‐Hydrology in Glacierized Catchments,Central Asia

In glacierized catchments, elevation is correlated with meltwater through its association with temperature, precipitation, and glacier hypsometry. The revelation of the altitudinal distribution of meltwater, unattended and not fully understood in previous work, might provide a better understanding of climate change impacts on glacio‐hydrology. Here, critical zone approach was defined and applied in 12 glacierized catchments of the Tien Shan–Pamir–Karakorum Mountains, Central Asia using manually calibrated glacier‐enhanced Soil and Water Assessment Tool model over 1966–2005. The critical zone, a sequence of elevation bands with above‐average snow and glacier melt, contributes maximum meltwater to total runoff. The critical zone shared 37%–95% (average = 80%) of meltwater contributions to total runoff, although its size was only 13%–30% of the total elevational relief. The critical zone controlled 76% and 82% variability in relative changes of glacier area and total runoff at the catchment scale, respectively. The increase in temperature was identified as the dominant driver for variations in total runoff in all catchments except Vakhsh and Yurungkash, where precipitation change remained dominant. Overall, glacier hypsometry limited the first‐order control of meltwater distributions on glacio‐hydrology. It is concluded that critical zone approach can interpret the proxy role of elevation to affect water availability under climate and glacier area change in glacierized catchments.     

转型期南京市制造业郊区化及区位选择

城市郊区化是城市发展的重要阶段,我国城市郊区化有着深层的制度和经济背景。以南京为例,重点研究了制造业郊区化问题。首先分析了南京制造业企业空间聚散格局及郊区化程度,而后建立一个在我国经济和制度转型背景下制造业郊区化的理论框架,就政府行为和企业行为转型对制造业郊区化影响进行了分析,并导出相关要素,采用计量模型对要素检验进行,对其作用方向和强度进行分析。研究发现,南京制造业已进入明显的郊区化进程,城市近郊区的一些重点街镇和中心区外缘的少部分街道是制造业郊区化集聚的主要方向。并认为20世纪90年代开始实施的“退二进三”城市产业结构调整、土地有偿使用、郊区对外交通条件的改善、开发区和工业园区的建设是制造业郊区化的重要影响因素。     

嘉陵江流域经济空间分异研究

认识流域经济空间分异特征是科学决策、促进流域经济可持续发展的关键。以嘉陵江流经的主要县市为研究单元,选取度量嘉陵江流域经济发展的10个指标,运用主成分分析揭示流域经济差异,并用Geoda软件提供的空间分析方法揭示流域经济差异的空间分异特征。分析结果表明：流域内经济发展水平差异显著,并在地理空间上存在集聚性;流域内基本形成了“点 轴”式空间结构,且存在两个明显的经济热点区--绵 渝“双核区”,以及一个较大的经济盲区,即陕西、甘肃、四川三省交界处的边缘区域。在此基础上分析了影响流域空间经济分异的主要原因,提出盲点区与热点区的发展策略,防止流域内“极化”效应加剧,为缩小流域经济差距,促进流域经济协调发展提供基础依据.     

Effects of Geomorphic Setting and Urbanization on Wood,Pools, Sediment Storage,and Bank Erosion in Puget Sound Streams1

Segura, Catalina and Derek B. Booth, 2010. Effects of Geomorphic Setting and Urbanization on Wood, Pools, Sediment Storage, and Bank Erosion in Puget Sound Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(5):972-986. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00470.x Abstract: Interrelationships between urbanization, the near-riparian zone, and channel morphology were examined in 44 lowland stream reaches in the Puget Lowlands of western Washington, United States. Both the degree of urbanization and channel type control channel response to a range of instream and riparian conditions. Some of these relationships are not evident in lumped datasets (i.e., with all channel types and/or degrees of urbanization) and highlight the importance of fluvial geomorphology in determining channel response. We found that in low-urbanized watersheds dominated by forced pool-riffle and plane-bed morphologies, the frequency and distribution of large woody debris (LWD), pool spacing, sediment storage, and bank erosion have a strong relationship with channel confinement and characteristics of near-riparian vegetation. In contrast, high-urbanized reaches dominated by simplified morphologies are substantially less sensitive to the condition of the near-riparian zone (e.g., size of the near-riparian vegetation and the level of channel confinement), due to the common disconnection of stream and floodplain caused by the placement of stabilizing structures in the banks. These structures are typically placed to prevent erosion; however, they also result in fewer LWD and pools, less sediment storage, and higher potential for incision.     

围填海对南通淤泥质海岸资源影响的综合评价研究

在系统分析淤泥质海岸围填海开发活动对海岸带资源影响的基础上,重点考虑岸滩冲淤变化特性、岸滩资源利用现状、利用潜力以及泥沙淤积对港口航道造成的资源损失,通过成本型、效益型两大类共16个指标,构建了适合淤泥质海岸资源状况评价的压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,实现了围填海开发活动对海岸带资源影响的综合评估。利用该模型计算了江苏省南通市沿海的围填海活动对海岸带资源影响的评价系数,计算结果为0.596,表明南通当前的围填海开发活动已经对当地的海岸带资源造成了较大影响,在今后的沿海开发过程中,需要注重海岸带资源的节约与保护。     

A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A2O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。     

A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A²O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。     

植物床-沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能

采用原位实验验证植物床．沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能。结果表明：该系统能够有效拦截和捕获源水藻类。在水力梯度驱动下,约35％源水进入高位小沟流经植物床内部根孔结构而汇至低位小沟。低位小沟内叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度显著低于高位小沟（P=0．0239）,其降低比例为11．1％。以植物床．沟壕系统为结构形式的根孔净化区其出水Chl-a浓度较源水整体下降了27．0％。估算该片根孔净化区捕获藻类鲜生物量约122kg／d。石臼漾湿地共含根孔净化区11片,按供水25万t／d计,估算捕获藻类鲜生物量约1100kg／d。