The formation of dithionate during the iron(III)-catalysed autoxidation of sulfur(IV)-oxides

The iron(III)-catalyzed autoxidation of sulfur(IV)-oxides results in the formation of two different oxidation products of sulfur(IV): dithionate, S₂O₆²⁻, and sulfate, SO₄²⁻. The yield of these reaction products depends on the experimental conditions. Under the studied conditions ([Fe(III)] : [SIV)] = 1:10, pH = 2–4) dithionate is the minor reaction product. The formation of dithionate is influenced by the initial pH but not by the initial O₂ concentration. The presence of CO²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Ni²⁺ have no influence on the yield of dithionate, whereas in the presence of Cr³⁺ less and, in the presence of Cu²⁺, no dithionate is formed.     

大别山区经济发展的交通运输条件分析

:2 0世纪 90年年代 ,大别山区的社会经济有了相当大的发展 ,交通运输网络已初步形成 ,整个内山地区也被铁路和高速公路等交通大动脉所环抱 ,然而经济发展水平和发展速度还无法与周边地区相比。从分析大别山交通现状着手 ,认为大别山区经济发展滞后的主要制约因素之一是区内交通的落后。指出由于区位、地形、社会经济发展水平及行政隶属上的限制 ,大别山区内部出山通道少 ,公路路况差 ,路网连接率低 ,缺少综合运输网络 ,使得内山地区很少受到交通大动脉的影响 ,正如一三角阴影区覆盖其上。然后提出了解决问题的策略 :其一是改善内山公路路况 ;其二是加强内部协作 ,提高内山公路联接率 ;第三是建立综合运输网络 ;最后是改变交通运输投资和管理体制。     

江西生态环境现状与建设生态经济区的可行性分析

江西具有比较封闭的生态环境系统，目前全省环境总体质量尚好，但局部地区污染仍较严重。同周边地区相比，江西总体经济发展比较滞后。要尽快改变这种状况、实现江西跨越式发展，进行生态经济区的建设是可行途径。从可持续发展的基本原理出发，对在江西生态环境现状进行评价后，分析了江西建设生态区的必要性、基础与条件、指出了应当重点关注的主要问题。     

The pathway to a sustainable industrial society – initiative of the Research Institute for Sustainability Science (RISS) at Osaka University

While it is widely known that sustainable development is the only sound and viable pathway for humankind’s future, its attainment remains elusive despite intensive efforts and some successes. The current industrial society approach based on product and process innovation in a variety of fields is not providing the expected results in addressing this important issue. In an attempt to carry out this unavoidable task, Osaka University’s Research Institute for Sustainability Science (RISS) introduces an integral and dynamic innovation system where technology plays a key role in fulfilling societal functions. This innovation system adopts a highly solution-driven approach that makes use of backcasting techniques based on long-term visions and mid-term strategic goals. Since technology management is the key to propelling effective innovation towards sustainability, we propose a technology transition management through the interaction of technology push, demand pull and institutional design, along with eight transition principles. RISS will develop this innovation system based on these three components and through the design of dynamic scenarios and their roadmaps.     

Assessing the relation between the distribution of salt-marsh communities and the sediment budget of the North Norfolk coast

Very high resolution imagery from an airborne multi-spectrål scanner has been used to estimate the distribution of different salt-marsh communities along a 30-km stretch of the North Norfolk coast. Field observations have been used to develop a mathematical relationship between the vegetation, physical environment and sediment accumulation. This relationship has been used to produce provisional sediment accretion maps for the north Norfolk coast.     

Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria: a comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to 2000

This article presents a comprehensive data set on Austria’s terrestrial carbon stocks from the beginnings of industrialization in the year 1830 to the present. It is based on extensive historical and recent land use and forestry data derived from primary sources (cadastral surveys) for the early nineteenth century, official statistics available for later parts of the nineteenth century as well as the twentieth century, and forest inventory data covering the second half of the twentieth century. Total carbon stocks—i.e. aboveground and belowground standing crop and soil organic carbon—are calculated for the entire period and compared to those of potential vegetation. Results suggest that carbon stocks were roughly constant from 1830 to 1880 and have grown considerably from 1880 to 2000, implying that Austria’s vegetation has acted as a carbon sink since the late nineteenth century. Carbon stocks increased by 20% from approximately 1.0 GtC in 1830 and 1880 to approximately 1.2 GtC in the year 2000, a value still much lower than the amount of carbon terrestrial ecosystems are expected to contain in the absence of land use: According to calculations presented in this article, potential vegetation would contain some 2.0 GtC or 162% of the present terrestrial carbon stock, suggesting that the recent carbon sink results from a recovery of biota from intensive use in the past. These findings are in line with the forest transition hypothesis which claims that forest areas are growing in industrialized countries. Growth in forest area and rising carbon stocks per unit area of forests both contribute to the carbon sink. We discuss the hypothesis that the carbon sink is mainly caused by the shift from area-dependent energy sources (biomass) in agrarian societies to the largely area-independent energy system of industrial societies based above all on fossil fuels.     

灾变山地环境影响下小流域脆弱性评价研究

流域脆弱性评价中,如何有效结合自然及社会等多方面因素开展较大区域尺度评价是目前研究的难点之一,特别是结合灾变山地环境影响,开展小流域脆弱性评价,对于山区流域防灾减灾及可持续发展具有积极的指导意义。采用栅格单元与小流域单元相结合的评价方法,综合自然与社会因素,并引入活跃灾害事件对小流域脆弱性的影响,从灾害危险度与社会易损性角度构建评价体系,应用3S技术,选取彭州龙门山区开展典型案例研究,开展灾变山地环境影响下的小流域脆弱性评价。最终将研究区小流域脆弱性划分为轻度、中度、高度及重度4个等级,各级含小流域个数分别为12、21、27及17个,相应面积占整个研究区面积的比例分别为11.53%,38.63%,40.46%及9.38%。针对区域内重大灾害事件,对评价结果进行验证表明,综合自然和社会因素,并引入灾害事件构建评价体系,并以栅格与小流域单元相结合的评价方法,对灾变山地环境下较大区域尺度流域脆弱性评价具有可行性,可为区域尺度小流域脆弱性评价研究提供一定参考。     

长江山区航道雾情等级插值方法研究

根据长江山区航道相邻的5个观测站雾情等级及临近地区的气象要素,采用判别分析法,分季节、不同情景建立中间站雾情等级与其余4站雾情等级的判别方程,实现航道上任意地点雾情等级插值。结果表明：当周边2个站及以上观测到雾情时,目标站大多数实际雾的等级能准确推算出;当周边3个站及以上站没有观测到雾情时,目标站雾情插值基本依赖气象要素判断;春季和冬季雾情等级与气象要素高度相关,判别符合率高,而夏季和秋季空报有雾的概率较大。判别分析法也有一定的局限性,雾情等级空间插值还有待进一步研究     

西南喀斯特山区寿竹林地土壤微生物量与酶活性在不同坡位和剖面层次的分布特征

以重庆市梁平县城东乡云佛村寿竹(Dip)林地为研究对象,分析了不同坡位[上坡(US)、中坡(MS)、下坡(BS)]和剖面[表层(0~15 cm),底层(15~30 cm)]土壤微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)、微生物碳熵、氮熵(qMBC、qMBN)、土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALK)、脲酶(URE)、蔗糖酶(INV)之间的关系.结果表明,在不同坡位下,表层土壤SMBC、SMBN、qMBC、qMBN、CAT和INV表现为BS>MS>US,ALK呈BS>US>MS,URE呈MS>US>BS;底层土壤SMBC和qMBC呈MS>BS>US,SMBN、qMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV呈BS>MS>US.在不同土壤层次下,SMBC、SMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV均表现为表层>底层;qMBC和qMBN表现为底层>表层.相关分析表明,不同坡位和剖面层次土壤微生物碳氮与土壤酶活性、含水率之间均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关.从回归分析得出的2个方程可知,SMBC随着土壤CAT和ALK的增加而增加,随着pH的增大而减小;SMBN则随着INV和ALK的增加而增加.     

锰矿区雨水径流中重金属含量及污染水平的空间结构特征

运用地统计学方法对湘潭市锰矿红旗矿区雨水径流中重金属含量及污染水平的空间结构特征进行了分析研究.结果表明,锰矿区雨水径流中Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量的最大值与最小值之间差异较大,Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb的变异系数在0.7~1.0之间,表现出中等变异性,Mn和Zn的变异系数大于1.0,表现出强变异性.空间结构分析表明,除Cd外,Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb的拟合效果均比较理想,6种元素的拟合模型的决定系数R2介于0.540~0.895之间,块金值与基台值的比值C0/(C0+C)均小于0.4,具有较强的空间相关性.空间分布图表明,元素Mn、Ni、Cd、Pb的分布较相似,元素Cu和Zn的分布很相似且以某块区域为中心向四周逐步递减.污染指数及其空间分析表明,矿区内大部分区域的雨水径流中存在中度重金属污染,东部沿线区域的存在着严重的重金属污染,仅少量地方不存在重金属污染,重金属污染从低到高的顺序为Zn、Ni、Cu、Pb、Mn、Cd.从环境风险和人体健康的角度来看,应将Cd元素作为需要优先治理和控制的重金属.