Coastal Management of Failaka Island, Kuwait

Failaka Island is one of the most important islands belonging to the State of Kuwait. With the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990, most of the activies on Failaka Island were destroyed. After the liberation of Kuwait, the Kuwaiti government decided to reconstruct the island for touristic and recreational purposes. Thus, a coastal development plan was needed. The presented study is an attempt to address the coastal zone management of the island. Based on the overall geomorphological features of the island, the coast was classified into four coastal zones. The wave and tidal conditions were identified around the island. The major items controlling the coastal development were specified. Accordingly, a detailed coastal zone management map for future development was developed. The overall goal was to provide decision-makers with guidelines for the future development of the island.     

Developments in Dutch coastline management: Conclusions from the second governmental coastal report

In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance 1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental report. The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance of a natural, dynamic system.     

陇南土石山区水土资源的保护与农业综合开发

陇南地区水土流失面积占土地总面积的５６．８６％，制约了当地农村经济的发展，该区以小流域为单元，进行水土保持综合治理，建设高产，优质，高效农业生态经济系统，获得了较好的经济，生态和社会效益。通过重点防治，土地利用趋于合理，各业得到的均衡发展，开创了这一地区水土资源保护与农业综合开发的新局面。     

The Scientific Basis of Marine Pollution Prevention Strategies

Prevention of marine pollution, particularly in semi-enclosed seas, embayments and areas with limited exchange of water, requires a well conceived and harmonized legal system, specified standards, a monitoring programme, and effective control and enforcement capabilities. This comprehensive approach is often called a strategy. Three generations of strategies have been devised and applied historically in Europe and North America, each a step further in integrating environmental protection, technical advancement and economic capabilities. the overpowering socio-economic problems of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, a task facing a dozen central and eastern European coastal states, compound the problem of application of an integrated approach.

No management strategy can achieve its set goals unless based on scientific evidence. the data base has to offer information on two basic questions, one specific and one of a general nature.

The specific question is: Has the area under consideration some features, an activity, or one or more living species, which must be protected at any cost? the answer to this question will invoke the precautionary principle into strategic considerations, and leads to the general question: What is the carrying (= assimilative or environmental) capacity for each activity and for the discharge of each contaminant into the impacted area? Answers to these questions lead to the choice of the strategy for environmental management.     

长江上游平原丘陵区农业非点源污染输出特征和驱动机制

农村非点源污染格局和机制研究对于区域生态环境治理意义重大.以长江上游平原丘陵区为研究区,借助多元数据,提出一种基于空间距离修正的污染物测算方法,利用克里金（Kriging）插值和逻辑回归（LR）方法研究农村非点源污染物的排放格局和影响机制.结果表明,2005～2015年间COD、 BOD₅、 NH⁺₄-N、 TN和TP排放总量分别增加15.46×10⁴、 25.66×10⁴、 3.49×10⁴、 1.26×10⁴和0.38×10⁴ t.成都平原、川中丘陵和川东平行岭谷耕作区是排放量高值区,而城镇城区和三峡库区腹地是低值区. COD、 BOD₅和NH⁺₄-N整体风险等级有所增加,TN整体排放风险等级有所增加,TP整体排放风险偏高且有继续恶化的趋势.综合风险等级呈“中部高,四周低”的空间格局,极高和次高风险等级呈镶嵌分布,成都平原和川东平行岭谷区为高风...     

面向高质量发展的海岸带资源型城市空间治理——基于跨系统影响的视角

海岸带资源型城市是陆海资源高度交错的空间载体,以跨系统影响的视角对其进行空间治理,有助于突破资源型城市转型发展的局限性,实现资源综合效益最大化。首先,本文厘清了跨系统影响的复杂性与海岸带资源的多样性,并以空间资源作为研究的核心要素。其次,强调陆海全系统生态—经济—社会的“综合效益”,以“陆海统筹”作为指引,深化海岸带资源型城市高质量发展的内涵。再次,探索了“关键资源识别—空间效益评价—空间资源调控”的高质量发展空间治理路径。即通过识别跨系统影响范围、开展资源空间调查、明确资源组合模式来甄别关键资源,进而构建包含“综合效益评估”和“跨系统影响修正”的资源空间效益评价框架,明晰各资源空间效益的差异,为空间治理提供决策依据。最后,根据空间效益评价结果,结合国土空间规划要求,在资源空间优化、区域资源统筹、空间总量分配、开发模式引导等方面提出海岸带资源型城市高质量发展的有效调控方式。     

山地平原过渡带耕地土壤重金属空间特征及潜在生态风险因素探析

为探讨典型山地平原过渡带地区耕地土壤重金属空间分布特征及其潜在生态风险因素.本文以拥有成都平原-龙门山脉过渡带这一典型过渡地形的四川省某县域为研究区,采用地统计法和潜在生态风险指数法分析研究区耕地土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的空间分布情况并进行潜在生态风险评价,结合地理探测器进一步发掘导致其潜在生态风险空间差异的主...     

西北干旱区作物灌溉技术效率及影响因素

水资源短缺是制约西北干旱区可持续发展的硬约束,提高作物灌溉技术效率、压缩农业灌溉用水是缓解水资源供需矛盾的可能途径之一。基于2014年张掖市农户调研数据,采用DEA-Tobit模型,分析了黑河流域中段不同类型灌区作物灌溉技术效率及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）典型灌区主要作物灌溉技术效率均存在改进空间,节水潜力较大。在其他投入保持不变的情况下,如果典型灌区主要作物灌溉技术效率达到目前的最高水平,平原灌区生产同样产量的制种玉米和大田玉米,灌溉用水可分别减少34.47%和38.15%;北部荒漠灌区生产同样产量的棉花、制种西瓜和玉米套小麦,灌溉用水可分别减少48.42%、34.82%和22.99%;沿山灌区生产同样产量的小麦、马铃薯、大麦和大田玉米,灌溉用水可分别减少14.48%、30.75%、25.50%和35.96%。（2）不同灌区之间作物灌溉技术效率的变异系数与作物种植面积占比呈负向关系,同一灌区内部种植相同作物的农户生产管理水平存在明显差异。（3）农地细碎化程度和农户耕地面积扩大会降低作物灌溉技术效率,改善耕地质量能提高北部荒漠灌区作物灌溉技术效率,增加井水灌溉会提高平原灌区大田玉米和沿山灌区作物灌溉技术效率,灌溉次数与多数作物灌溉技术效率呈“倒U型”关系,而农户耕作需求及其对风险态度的影响需结合具体情况进行判断。合理确定种植规模、加快农地空间优化,因地制宜地改善耕地质量,完善水利设施、合理使用井灌、增强河水灌溉放水的灵活性,是提升黑河流域作物灌溉技术效率的主要途径。     

经济转型背景下长三角城市用地扩张及影响因素的时空差异

研究全球化、市场化和分权化等因素对长三角城市用地扩张的影响,对于在经济转型背景下促进长三角区域协调发展具有重要意义。利用城市用地扩张差异指数和强度指数分析了2001—2015年长三角城市用地扩张的热点区域及各城市的城市用地扩张时序变化,并通过时空加权回归模型对不同驱动力作用的时空差异进行研究。结果表明：（1）长三角城市用地扩张具有空间集中性及阶段性特征,苏锡常等都市圈是城市用地扩张的热点地区,随着协同水平的提升,区域内城市发展状态差距逐渐缩小。（2）研究期间长三角城市用地扩张强度在整体和个体上均呈上升趋势,扩张强度平均值大致呈以上海为中心向外围递减的圈层分布,外围城市的扩张强度以更为稳定和快速的状态在提升。（3）全球化、市场化和分权化均能较好地解释长三角城市用地的扩张,全球化是长三角城市发展的重要推动力,且存在明显的区域差异;上海、苏南和浙北地区市场化的发展对城市发展的推动显著,而后发地区需进一步激发市场改革红利;财政赤字是地方政府实行城市扩张策略的重要因素,但发展模式会随着发展水平的提升而改变。（4）控制变量上,经济发展的影响显著且较为平稳,人口也具有显著的推动作用且部分城市有加深趋势,固定资产投资的作用较为集中。