2012年我国主要气象灾害回顾

2012年,我国主要气象灾害为暴雨洪涝、热带气旋、干旱、高温、连阴雨、雪灾、风雹及沙尘暴.其中暴雨过程多,长江、黄河、海河等流域先后出现明显汛情,北京、甘肃、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、宁夏、青海和新疆等地出现山洪地质灾害,但暴雨洪涝灾情偏轻;热带气旋数量接近常年,但影响时间集中、范围广,灾情偏重;阶段性干旱明显,但干旱范围小,影响偏轻;中东部地区高温日数多,极端性强,南方部分地区早稻遭受轻至中度高温热害;区域性、阶段性低温阴雨天气多发,对农业生产造成一定影响;降雪量明显偏少,雪灾偏轻;风雹日数少,灾害损失偏轻;春季北方沙尘日数为近52年最少;中东部地区雾霾天气频繁,对交通运输产生较大影响.总体而言,2012年为我国气象灾害偏轻年份.     

Disaster devastation of US communities: long-term demographic consequences

This paper describes demographic changes resulting from devastating natural disasters in which at least half of the community's structures suffered major damage or total destruction. Considering 92 US communities that suffered disasters (mainly from hurricanes, river flooding, and tornadoes) between 1992 and 2008, locations that were already experiencing declining populations before their disaster were most likely to experience large post-disaster population losses. Communities suffering severe flooding were most likely to lose over a third of their population. Population movement typically occurred regardless of whether the community formally relocated. Small communities were particularly at risk of losing population following destruction, particularly when they lacked schools. Communities with higher home vacancy rates before their devastation were significantly more likely to experience large population declines. Wealthier communities and those located nearer metropolitan cities were most likely to retain their populations following major destruction, yet overall pre-disaster home values and median incomes in the communities were well below national averages. Race and Hispanic population were not significantly related to post-disaster population change in the overall study.     

A multilevel analysis of private-vehicle evacuation clearance times along the US Gulf Coast

This study uses multilevel regression analysis to examine the effect of social characteristics and the built environment on clearance time under an evacuation scenario. The primary unit of analysis is the US Census tract (N?=?1660), nested within 31 incorporated places spanning five US states. The dependent variable is an estimate of clearance time in hours derived using network analysis techniques within a geographic information system. We find that tracts with a more peripheral location, more female residents, a higher proportion of Hispanic residents, and higher median household incomes are associated with higher clearance times, on average. Our research suggests the relationship between suburbanization and clearance time is complex and evolving, mediated by past investments in the built environment and shifting social conditions. In addition to facilitating the evacuation of areas with low access to personal vehicles, urban planners and emergency management officials should also consider how the degree of connectivity in the street network impacts congestion and clearance time.     

Engaging pet owners in disaster risk and preparedness communications: simplifying complex human–animal relations with archetypes

The influence of human–animal relationships upon owners' perceptions and behaviours can lead to situations that place owners and animals at risk of harm. Pet ownership particularly is considered a risk factor for unsafe responses to natural hazards, though conversely, it can also be viewed as a protective factor that motivates disaster preparedness. However, each relationship should not be treated equivalently, as characteristics considered most meaningful within them differ across various types of pet–owner relationship and along multiple dimensions. A one-size-fits-all approach to applying the pets-as-protective-factor principle is then too broad in scope. This review outlines a novel psychographic profiling approach for archetypes of pet–owner relationship characteristics as a means of describing risk-preparedness foci and risk propensities within disaster contexts. Understanding those differences as detailed archetypes can help emergency services more effectively target pet owners through reframing disaster risk and preparedness communications in relation to prominent characteristics of relationship archetypes. We argue that this approach can improve the effectiveness of risk and preparedness communications by increasing pet owners' receptivity to, and cognitive involvement with, message content.     

Disaster management in the Caribbean: Perspectives on institutional capacity reform and development

This paper is a reflective contribution on the issues and processes that have influenced and informed the development and institutionalization of disaster management practice and policy in the Caribbean over the last two and a half decades. It takes the viewpoint of a ‘participant observer’ and seeks to not only describe the events and triggers but also to raise some key questions necessary to chart the way forward.     

矿井通风网络的社团结构及灾害控制研究

为研究矿井通风网络的社团结构特征和有效控制灾害在通风网络中的传播范围,根据通风网络的连接特点对传统的GN算法进行改进,以淮南某矿井的通风网络结构为例进行说明,发现矿井通风网络具有较强的社团结构特征;引入强弱社团结构和外内连接边数比后,社团结构的划分更符合实际。根据矿井通风网络社团间的连接关系,就会找到灾害传播的关键分支与节点并加以控制,降低灾害对相邻社团危害程度,控制灾害的蔓延范围。     

长江中游地区洪涝灾害的土地利用思考

长江中游地区是我国长江产业带的腹地和承东启西的重要地区。进入20世纪90年代以来,长江中游地区的洪水屡屡成灾,经济损失越来越大。尽管洪涝灾害的发生与气象、地貌等自然条件密不可分,但人类不合理的土地开发利用对洪涝灾害的影响不容忽视。通过定性与定量相结合的方法分析了洪水位、河流湖泊的调蓄能力、洪涝灾害的经济损失等与土地开发利用的关系,论述了长江中游地区土地利用,特别是围湖造田、围垦江洲、分蓄洪区的开发等,与洪涝灾害的关系,指出长江中游地区不合理的土地利用所引起的河湖调蓄能力的下降是加剧中游地区洪涝灾害的重要因素。据此提出了中游地区减轻洪涝灾害的土地利用对策,如编制易灾区土地利用总体规划、实施“退田还湖、移民建镇”战略、发展“避洪农业”、建设分蓄洪区、提高土地利用率等。最后,分析了实施这些措施的可能性及实施过程中有待进一步解决的问题。     

农业灾害及其工程防治

分析了我国农业灾害具有种类多样性、破坏严重性和发生必然性、地域随意性等特点 ;指出水利工程、林木工程、病虫害防治工程、农田治污工程 ,以及建立农业灾害监测预报信息系统工程是我国农业灾害防治的主要工程措施。提出农业灾害防治总的原则是 :在分析各种农业灾害发生原因的前提下进行重点预防 ,在弄清其破坏机理的基础上采取相应的工程措施 ,将灾害损失降到最低程度。本文客观分析了我国农业灾害防治的现状 ,提出了监测预报手段亟需改进、规划并建设好农业灾害防治工程、以系统工程的观念建立和健全农业灾害防治工作体系、加强农业灾害防治工作的管理体制建设等四点建议     

综合探测技术在公路隧道泥涌灾害治理中的应用

以常吉高速公路小劈流隧道泥涌灾害为例,在综合分析隧道的工程地质情况和泥涌灾害特点基础上,详细探讨了综合探测技术在泥涌灾害治理灾害发生后的探测不良地质灾害超前探测、以及灾害治理后效果检测与评估中的应用。采用TSP 203系统探测的结果与在灾害发生后的地表塌陷处和地面开裂处充电探测结果具有良好的一致性,进而可以准确的圈定泥涌灾害的规模与成因;在该类隧道不良地质体的超前探测中,结合工程地质资料,TSP 203可以较为准确的探测掌子面前方的破碎带、断层、软弱夹层;同时,采用地质雷达方法可以对泥涌灾害处理后的效果进行监测与评价。工程实践表明,综合探测技术手段对于探测不良地质灾害体,指导泥涌灾害预报,检测与评价地质灾害工程处置效果,以及指导隧道施工都具有重要的工程应用价值和现实意义。