Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of Larix Spp. and Pinus Sylvestris and Their Climatypes in Siberia

Inter- and intraspecific effects of climate change were assessed for the dominant conifers of Siberia (60–140^∘E and 48–75^∘N): Larix spp. (L. sibirica, L. dahurica, and L. sukaczewii) and Pinus sylvestris . The approach employed a tri-variate (degree-days above 5 ^∘C, degree-days below 0 ^∘C, and a moisture index) estimate of the climatic envelope within which exists the actual ecological distribution of a species and their constituent climatypes (genotypes physiologically attuned to similar environments). Limits of the actual ecological distribution were approximated by reducing the climatic envelope according to effects of permafrost and interspecific competition. Climatypes were mapped within the climatic envelope according to the climatic interval that must separate populations for reasonable assurance of genetic differentiation. This interval was calculated from response functions that related 13-year growth and survival of a species to the difference in climate between the provenance of a climatype and the climate of numerous test sites distributed across Russia. Mapping species' distributions and their climatypes was done for the contemporary climate and for future climates predicted by the HadCM3GGa1 scenario of Hadley Centre. The results showed that if the forests of the future are to reflect the adaptedness of today, the distribution of species will shift and genotypes within species will be redistributed. Some contemporary climatypes are projected to disappear from Siberia while others common elsewhere would evolve. To mitigate these effects, climatypes should be transferred today to the expected future location of their climatic optima, a distance that is likely to approach 700–1200 km for these species.     

Numerical studies on the thermal regimes of the horizontal tube falling film evaporation under varying feeder height

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses about the effect of feeder height and heat flux on the heat transfer characteristics of horizontal tube falling film evaporation in the thermal regimes. In order to investigate this, a two- dimensional CFD model was developed to perform simulation and results were compared and validated with published data available in the literature. Heat transfer co-efficients in the thermal regimes were determined from the CFD simulation and the results were recorded, analyzed and validated with the mathematical models available in the literature. The novelty of the current study is to predict the commencement of the fully developed thermal region over the tube from the simulation model under varying feeder height and heat flux. An effort was also made to measure the liquid film thickness around the tube from the CFD model in the thermal regimes. It is observed that angle of thermally developing region contracts and fully developed thermal region extends with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux. It is observed from the study that increase of heat flux by 10 kW/m² resulted in increase of heat transfer co-efficient value by 10–12% average in thermally developing region and 12–15% average in fully developed region. Thinnest liquid film thickness observed between 85 and 127°angle. Shifting of thinnest region of liquid film upward from the mid tube with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux is noted.     

美国环境空气臭氧量值传递的经验与启示

新修订的《环境空气质量标准》对环境空气中的臭氧监测提出了明确的要求,一套有效的臭氧量值传递体系已成为保证中国环境空气臭氧监测数据质量的生命线。为加强中国环境空气臭氧量值传递体系的建设,总结了美国环境空气臭氧量值传递体系及其相关的技术规范体系,简要介绍其臭氧量值传递体系各关键环节的质量控制工作要点,并提出了对中国环境空气臭氧量值传递体系建设的建议。     

生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加抑制水稻对土壤铅吸收富集的机制研究

将水稻秸秆生物炭（RB）、玉米秸秆生物炭（MB）分别与硅酸钠（G）复合施加到从矿区周边采集的铅（Pb）污染农田土壤,通过盆栽试验,比较分析了Pb在土壤-水稻系统各部位中的迁移和累积情况,探讨了生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加抑制水稻对Pb吸收转运的机制.结果表明,与对照组相比,生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加（RBG和MBG）使糙米Pb含量显著降低71.0%~75.6%,且比生物炭或硅酸钠单一施加时的降幅更大.其主要机制为：①生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加提高了土壤pH和有机质含量,促进了土壤对Pb的固定,从而使土壤Pb从弱酸提取态向可氧化态Pb转化,在成熟期RBG和MBG处理分别使CaCl₂溶液浸提的土壤有效Pb含量降低54.3%和60.0%.②生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加降低了DTPA溶液浸提的土壤有效态Fe含量,减少了根表铁膜的数量（DCB-Fe）,而且根系Pb含量与DCB-Fe含量之间呈显著正相关关系,推测生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加使根表用于存储Pb的铁膜减少,从而降低Pb进入根系的几率.③生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加显著降低了分蘖期TF_根-叶和成熟期TF_土-根、TF_茎-糙米、TF_叶-糙米（p<0.05）,阻碍Pb在糙米中累积.此外,生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加显著提高了稻谷质量（p<0.05）.因此,生物炭与硅酸钠复合施加可用于修复铅污染稻田土壤.     

好氧处理工艺传质强化的机理与应用研究

依据惯性效应理论研究了传统污水好氧处理工艺传质强化过程.研究表明,提高传统工艺曝气均匀度和控制多相物系中微涡漩的离心惯性效应,可有效促进物相接触传质和相界面更替,为活性污泥(或生物膜)有机底质与氧气进行生化反应提供良好动力条件,从而提高反应效率,缩短生化反应历程.该工艺在试验及实际工程应用中氧利用率最高可达48%,COD容积负荷8.1-9.0 kg/(m3@d).在处理屠宰废水的实际应用中,当气水比为12∶1,水力停留时间4 h,进水COD Cr浓度800-2200 mg/L,CODCr负荷达8-9 kg/(m3@d)时,COD Cr去除率平均达95%,BOD 5去除率大于97%,SS去除率在95%以上.     

土地发展非均衡度测算及其敏感性分析——基于农地非农发展受限视角

论文以农地非农发展受限为研究对象,分别基于用地结构和土地财事权视角构建土地发展非均衡度模型,并在此基础上依据二者对经济发展的贡献度确定权重,进行加权求和,求算土地综合非均衡度。基于我国2009—2013年省级面板数据的实证研究结果表明：总体上,我国的土地发展非均衡度较高,但逐年下降;省级层面上,我国土地发展非均衡度的空间差异显著,且非均衡度呈“东部沿海发达地区—中部地区—西南地区或东北、西北地区”逐级递增趋势。此外,论文就土地发展非均衡度对财政转移支付的敏感性进行分析,为我国财政转移制度改革奠定理论依据。结果表明,财政转移制度有助于减缓土地发展非均衡度,且四大分区的土地发展非均衡度对财政转移支付的敏感性存在显著差异。研究尝试直接量化土地发展非均衡程度,为缓解土地非均衡发展、均衡区域发展奠定理论基础。     

Promotion mechanism of self-transmissible degradative plasmid transfer in maize rhizosphere and its application in naphthalene degradation in soil

Rhizospheres can promote self-transmissible plasmid transfer, however, the corresponding mechanism has not received much attention. Plant-microbe remediation is an effective way to promote pollutant biodegradation; however, some pollutants, such as naphthalene, are harmful to plants and result in inefficient plant-microbe remediation. In this study, transfer of a TOL-like plasmid, a self-transmissible plasmid loaded with genetic determinants for pollutant degradation, among different bacteria was examined in bulk and rhizosphere soils as well as addition of maize root exudate and its artificial root exudate (ARE). The results showed that the numbers of transconjugants and recipients as well as bacterial metabolic activities, such as xylE mRNA expression levels and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) activities of bacteria, remained high in rhizosphere soils, when compared with bulk soils. The number of transconjugants and bacterial metabolic activities increased with the increasing exudate and ARE concentrations, whereas the populations of donor and recipient bacteria were substantially unaltered at all concentrations. All the experiments consistently showed that a certain number of bacteria is required for self-transmissible plasmid transfer, and that the increased plasmid transfer might predominantly be owing to bacterial metabolic activity stimulated by root exudates and ARE. Furthermore, ARE addition increased naphthalene degradation by transconjugants in both culture medium and soil. Thus, the combined action of a wide variety of components in ARE might contribute to the increased plasmid transfer and naphthalene degradation. These findings suggest that ARE could be an effectively alternative for plant-microbe remediation of pollutants in environments where plants cannot survive.     

可持续性约束下开放流域系统氮磷环境承载力研究

随着我国有机污染物控制力度不断加大,氮磷营养盐逐步凸显为流域环境质量改善与经济社会发展的重要约束因子.如何以流域氮磷环境承载力为约束,实现经济社会优化发展已成为我国流域环境管理面临的主要难题.传统的环境承载力研究局限于流域内部的自然资源约束和经济社会优化,忽略了流域内外物质交换对承载力的影响,结果往往以牺牲外部可持续性为代价.基于开放系统视角,本研究提出可持续性约束下的流域氮磷环境承载力概念与测度方法,认为流域氮磷环境承载力是指在流域内外氮磷营养盐交换平衡的前提下,流域水环境氮磷含量达标情况下所能承载的最大人口规模.以氮磷污染严重的滇池流域为例,构建了氮磷环境承载力优化模型,得到滇池湖体氮磷达标和流域内外氮磷交换平衡约束下流域的最大人口承载能力为538万人,相对于现状2010年可提升32%;此外,外流域调水、氮磷循环利用率和污水外排等措施对承载力有显著影响.     

扩缩通道强化蜂窝型SCR反应器脱硝性能的数值研究

为了进一步提高表面涂覆钒基催化剂的蜂窝型SCR反应器的脱硝性能,将蜂窝直通道结构改为扩缩形式.借助Fluent软件容积反应和多孔介质模块描述涂覆层的催化反应,建立了烟气流过蜂窝反应器脱硝过程的数值模型.为验证模型预测精度,模拟了一组直通道蜂窝反应器的烟气对流脱硝实验.借助本文模型,研究了结构和工作参数对新型蜂窝反应器脱...     

锰矿修复区泡桐与栾树生长与重金属积累特性

在湘潭锰矿废弃地种植泡桐和栾树,建立了4hm²生态修复示范区.工程区基质Mn平均含量高达20041mg/kg,Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量也远超过湖南省和全国的背景值,属复合型重度污染.污染区不覆土,苗木移植前每株根际定量施用了含有自污染区矿渣分离出的抗性菌株的专用有机肥.种植两年后,泡桐和栾树成活率均达到83%以上.泡桐生长状况明显优于栾树,两种植物叶的重金属含量均大于根和茎,泡桐Mn、Cu、Zn的浓度和积累量显著高于栾树.5年生泡桐Mn积累量达到2295g/hm²,转运量系数为2.32.试验证明,采用有机菌肥改良根际环境后,泡桐与栾树均可作为锰污染区的修复树种,而泡桐的生长速率和重金属的耐受和积累性能优于栾树.