新型活性焦干法脱硫脱硝脱汞反应塔流场的模拟与优化

在CFD软件Fluent中,选择k-ε湍流模型,多孔介质模型和SIMPLE算法,对新型脱硫脱硝脱汞反应塔内的三维流场进行数值模拟,结果发现,反应塔入口处烟气流场存在大漩涡。为消除漩涡,使穿过活性焦层的烟气均匀化,以充分利用活性焦层的空间来提高脱除效率,提出在入口处加装弯曲导流板,并通过相对标准偏差确定最优导流板长度。同时模拟了在最优喷氨位置处加装涡旋混合器时氨气和烟气的混合情况。结果表明,最优导流板长度(3.6 m)明显改善了烟气的均匀性,促使入口处的压降下降100 Pa左右。涡旋混合器形成的小漩涡,增强了烟气和氨气的混合。最后对照不同流量下实验值和模拟值的压降变化,验证了多孔介质模型的可行性。模拟结果对设备的优化设计和实际运行具有指导作用。     

活性焦联合脱硫脱硝脱汞塔入口气流均布与喷氨优化

某新建活性焦联合脱硫脱硝脱汞反应塔在试运行过程中运行阻力大,且脱硫脱硝效率较低。为提升反应塔的性能,以原设备为几何模型,采用CFD方法进行模拟优化。针对影响设备压降和脱硫性能的入口气流均匀性问题,模拟对比了4种导流板方案,考察板间距和圆弧板半径对气流均布的影响。同时为提高喷氨均匀性,结合烟气在过渡气室的流动情况提出了2种喷氨格栅加密方案。模拟结果表明：板间距和圆弧板半径都相同的导流板方案均布气流的效果最好,烟气在活性焦脱硫层的气流均匀性提升了11.48%,同时设备的压降降低了451 Pa。合理的喷氨格栅加密方案使氨气分布均匀性提升了34.88%。反应塔的压降模拟结果与现场实测数据吻合较好,模拟结果对设备的优化设计和实际运行有指导作用。     

水资源和水环境约束下的产业布局优化研究——以铁岭市为例

基于水生态功能对产业布局的约束机制,将水生态约束分解量化为水资源约束和水环境约束,构建了涵盖水资源、水环境本底因素和产业布局对水资源、水环境产生的胁迫因素在内的水生态约束分区指标体系,提出了水生态约束分区方法。以铁岭市为例,进行水生态约束分区区划,最终将铁岭市划分为水资源约束高-水环境约束高、水资源约束中-水环境约束中、水资源约束低-水环境约束高、水资源约束低-水环境约束中、水资源约束低-水环境约束低等5种水生态约束分区类型,并提出了不同类型区限制、改造、鼓励的产业类型以及产业发展重点等产业布局优化的对策。     

离子交换生物脱氮组合工艺去除饮用水中硝酸盐

硝酸盐污染是饮用水行业面临的一大问题。为此,利用小试实验研究了不同树脂类型对硝酸盐的去除效果及相关的影响因素,以及生物膜系统对树脂再生废水的处理效能,建立了使用离子交换和生物脱氮组合工艺去除饮用水中硝酸盐的方法,优化了工艺参数。结果表明：优选的除硝酸盐树脂选择性强,最佳接触时间为15~20 min,可适应不同进水硝酸盐浓度;采用10%的NaCl溶液再生,再生效率可达90%以上;生物脱氮系统能够高效去除再生废水中的硝酸盐,且亚硝酸盐、氨氮和有机物没有明显积累,可循环用于树脂再生,在9次循环再生周期内,对树脂再生效能的影响很小,再生效率仍达85%以上。该组合工艺实现了硝酸盐的高效去除,以及树脂再生废水的生物脱氮与循环利用。     

球磨硫铁矿-过硫酸盐联合降解水中硝基苯和苯胺

采用湿式球磨法制备微纳级硫铁矿粉末,研究了球磨硫铁矿(BMP)和过硫酸盐(PS)联合处理对水环境中硝基苯(NB)及其还原产物苯胺(AN)的降解效果,分别考察了BMP投加量、溶液初始pH和PS投加量对NB和AN降解的影响,采用TEM、XRD、FT-IR和XPS对反应前后的BMP进行了表征,分析了反应溶液中TOC和主要离子的变化,采用响应面法设计多因素实验,对反应条件进行了拟合和优化。结果表明,NB浓度与BMP投加量呈负相关关系,AN浓度与PS投加量呈负相关关系,pH在酸性和中性条件下NB和AN降解效果好。当BMP投加量为5 g·L⁻¹时,NB去除率达99%;当PS投加量为2.5 g·L⁻¹时,AN浓度低于1 mg·L⁻¹。BMP/PS联合处理可以高效降解NB并消减还原产物AN。采用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合NB去除率、AN浓度和反应条件之间的关系,模拟值与验证实验结果相近,模型精度较好。表征结果表明,BMP单独处理时Fe(Ⅱ)和S²⁻作为活性物质与NB反应,生成${\rm{SO}}_3^{2 - }$和Fe(Ⅲ)以及中间产物AN;联合处理中BMP中的Fe(Ⅱ)活化PS生成具有强氧化性的${\rm{SO}}_4^{ - \cdot }$和HO·,其可与AN反应生成${\rm{SO}}_4^{2 - }$和单质S,Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)与水中的OH⁻或O₂反应,生成铁氧化物。BMP/PS联合处理可以快速高效彻底降解NB,在含NB废水处理或NB污染地下水修复中具有应用潜力。     

Optimization of tourism impacts within protected areas by means of genetic algorithms

The search for a balance between nature conservation and tourism development within protected areas is becoming an increasingly multifaceted problem worldwide, as outlined by an increasing number of authors and highlighted at several international events. Since it is unlikely that all management objectives will reach their optimum values simultaneously, an optimization approach is required to meet multiple, conflicting goals and to obtain an overall trade-off in terms of the conceived objectives.     

高层RC框架结构基于成本-效益准则的优化设计研究(Ⅱ)——应用

根据作者先前提出的优化模型及基于成本-效益准则的优化设计流程,以多目标遗传算法为搜索引擎,运用MATLAB语言开发了高层RC框架结构基于成本-效益准则的自动优化程序。研究结果表明,程序所产生的设计方案具有多样性、可选择性、业主主动参与性及可依靠经验等特点。     

Spatial based compromise programming for multiple criteria decision making in land use planning

Today, competing land use is continuing to occur in many developed regions. In the Agricultural Development Zone of Western Sydney Region, which is characterised by complex landscape patterns, land use competition is widespread. From a land use planning perspective, identification of suitable locations for a given type of land use is necessary for decision makers to formulate land use alternatives in different locations, based on existing land potential and constraints. For such a region, use of a simple method that implements a categorical system and considers only inherent land characteristics in the analysis is often inadequate to arrive at an optimal spatial decision. The primary aim of this paper is to develop spatial modelling procedures for agricultural land suitability analysis using compromise programming (CoPr) and fuzzy set approach within a geographical information systems (GIS) environment. Five main sets of spatial data for use as decision criteria were developed by using fuzzy set methodology: a land suitability index (LSI) for maximising the land productivity objective; an erosion tolerance index (ETI) for minimising the erosion risk objective; a runoff curve number (CN) for maximising the water discharge regulation objective; an accessibility (RP) measure for maximising the land accessibility objective; and the proximity to water body (WP) for minimising the water pollution objective. An L _p -metric was used in the analysis utilising different strategies with representative indices ranging from a situation where full tradeoff among criteria occurs to a noncompensatory condition. Different weighting combinations were also applied, and decision analysis was carried out by using values ranging from 0 to 1.0, where 1.0 is considered as an ideal point. The CoPr model demonstrated in this paper yielded a promising result, as several different techniques of sensitivity analysis show reasonably good results. Likewise, an overlay of that result with the present land use/land cover indicates a good corresponding spatial matching between existing land use (orchard and cultivated land), and the cells (land parcels) classified as the best in CoPr. The results are amenable to various map display techniques, either using continuous values or by defining different cut off points in the data space within a raster GIS environment.     

Aeration optimization through operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations: Evaluation of oxygen mass transfer dynamics in different activated sludge systems

In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics(such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)and microbial communities)and operating conditions(such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen(DO)concentrations). Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model(determined using different air flow rate(Q′_(air))and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)values),theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.     

基于最佳摄动量法的桩基承载力反演

通过高应变动力试桩法来获得桩土参数是目前比较流行的试桩方法,其原理主要是通过以桩顶的实测信息来反演桩土参数,其中比较成熟的CAPW APC法主要用试凑法来反演桩土模型参数,其反演结果呈现一定的随机性且正确性过于依赖操作者经验。本文尝试以CAPW APC法所采用比较成熟的桩土模型为基础,引入基于最佳摄动量法的局部优化方法来反演桩土参数。在弹性波波动方程隐式差分的基础上,对反演参数采用摄动展开并推导出参数反演的递推公式,最后给出合适的反演算法。考虑到初始参数对局部优化方法的影响,根据场地的实际情况选取合适的初始模型,计算显示可以获得比较理想的结果,说明本法是对桩基动测方法的一种有效的新尝试。