建筑物火灾时人员疏散时间模型研究

在建筑物火灾中,人员安全疏散与人员的生命安全直接相关.人员能否安全疏散主要取决于疏散到安全区所用时间的长短,人员疏散时间在考虑建筑物结构和人员距离安全区的远近等环境因素的同时,还必须综合考虑处于火灾等紧急情况下人员的自然状况和人员心理及行为特征.本文在组织人员应急疏散演习测量个体疏散时间的基础上,结合影响人员疏散行为和疏散时间的相关因素,采用世界先进统计软件SPSS12 for Windows进行多元线性回归分析,建立人员疏散时间回归模型.该研究技术科学、先进,结果可信.研究结果将充实我国人员疏散心理和行为反应数据库,为建筑防火性能化设计,尤其是设计人员密集建筑提供基础数据和初步的分析.     

现代建筑装饰材料发展的环境问题思考

建筑装饰材料在我国一直保持着旺盛的市场需求和高的发展速度，它反映了经济的发展，科技的进步和人民生活水平的提高，然而建筑装饰材料的发展在美化人民生活环境的同时，也在一定程度上破坏着人类的生存环境，文章系统分析了各主要类型建筑装饰材料的生产，施工，应用废弃处理的整个寿命周期中存在的主要资料环境问题，指出了其对可持续发展的严重影响，探讨了引发这些问题的可能原因，文章最后提出了建筑装饰材料发展中产生的环境问题的解决对策和建议。     

Emission modelling and validation of VOCs' source strengths in air-conditioned office premises

An emission model for indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on mass balance considerations has been presented and validated under steady state conditions. Comparison were made for the measured and predicted concentrations of 37 selected VOCs and TVOC through a case intervention study on the filters of the ventilation system in a new commercial air-conditioned office building. The intervention involved replacing media filters with electronic and carbon filtration. TVOC and 37 compounds selected for their health and comfort impact, representation of major chemical classes that occur in indoor air and their utility as markers of pollution sources were studied. The concentration levels predicted by the model were compared with actual measurements. Twenty-five target compounds and the TVOC were adequately described by the model where the measured concentrations were in agreement with the predicted concentrations. Modeling of the remaining 12 compounds was found to be affected by the emission rates that were occupant related.     

多层多室建筑火灾烟气运动的网络模拟

随着高层建筑的不断出现,高层建筑火灾安全已越来越受人们的关注。应用网络模型对多层多室建筑火灾烟气运动过程进行数值模拟,介绍了网络模型的基本方法,网络模型的关键技术处理。文中以火灾科学国家重点实验室的五层模型楼为实例,分别对有无风机,有无室外风流,门窗开启等条件下的建筑火灾进行模拟,给出了假设火灾情况下可能受烟气污染的房间和烟气的危险范围。     

武钢技术中心镀锌楼通风装置的改进

论述了镀锌楼通风装置的改进措施,并对改进措施进行了设计计算,实际运行效果良好。     

Sustainable Health Risk Management and the Role of Cross-Disciplinary Professionals in Developing Countries: Mexican Experience

The paper argues health risk management in Developing Countries cannot be sustainable unless it is conceived, planned, implemented and maintained by community-led multi-stakeholder groups using an integrated capacity building process with five components: (1) education and awareness raising; (2) strengthening information resources and decision making; (3) strengthening regulations and compliance; (4) improving basic sanitation infrastructure; and (5) stimulating the market for support products and services for health and environment sectors. Occupational and environmental health professionals with cross-disciplinary understanding are uniquely qualified to build much-needed bridges between stakeholders, risk science and policy. They should adopt a cost-effective mentality, adapting models/methods used in developed countries to developing country contexts, negotiating political obstacles and understanding cultural differences in risk sources, exposures and perceptions. Stakeholders – health professionals, community representatives, officials, NGOs/advocacy groups, industries, and providers of products/services – collaborate to detect needs, mobilize resources, design, develop, implement, consolidate and maintain interventions to priority problems. Field experience in Mexico supports the argument. This sustainability process is adaptable to other keystone development sectors like soil and water resources stewardship, biodiversity conservation, agriculture and energy.     

建筑物结构变化对大气污染影响的试验研究

通过风洞实验对大气污染物扩散特性进行了模拟试验研究,重点讨论了建筑物结构形式变化对周围环境污染浓度的影响,在此基础上对影响污染浓度的各个要素进行了分析与讨论,得到了大气污染物在复杂结构建筑物之间扩散的一般规律。     

建筑物避难安全性能设计在台湾地区的发展

本文介绍建筑物避难安全性能设计在台湾地区的发展情况,包括楼层避难安全验证法和整栋建筑物避难安全验证法。楼层避难安全验证法分为两个阶段,第一阶段先验证起火居室人员的避难安全,第二阶段验证起火居室外整层楼人员的避难安全,并给出一个九步的验证程序和相应的计算公式。整栋建筑物避难安全验证法也分为两个阶段,第一阶段先验证各楼层人员的避难安全,第二阶段验证整栋建筑物人员避难的安全,并给出一个六步的验证程序和相应的计算公式。通过对避难安全验证法的分析,并对各自的验证程序进行了阐述,以便可以据此指导建筑物避难安全的性能设计。     

成都地区室内环境氡浓度和g辐射水平调查

采用固体核径迹法和热释光剂量计,对成都市不同建造年代、建筑类型、建筑结构、建筑材料以及楼层的100间居室进行了室内环境氡浓度和辐射水平的测量.调查结果表明:成都市居室环境中氡浓度范围为(8.4~177.1)Bq/m3,算术平均值为(39.5±22.9)Bq/m3,低于世界平均水平;辐射水平的范围为(74.7~164.7)nSv/h,算术平均值为(122.0±16.2)nSv/h,与室内氡浓度无相关性.不同建筑年代、建筑类型、建筑楼层和建筑材料的房屋室内环境氡浓度水平有显著差异.室内环境氡及其子体和辐射照射所致公众的平均年有效剂量分别为0.99mSv和0.85mSv.     

基于系统动力学的建筑施工安全系统脆弱性仿真分析

为系统分析建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的影响机理,首先探讨了社会技术系统理论下各子系统影响因素之间的高接触与紧耦合性的特点;然后以脆弱性理论为切入点,建立了建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真模型,采用三角模糊数和层次分析法确定了模型中各影响因素的权重系数和相关方程参数;最后通过考虑不同子系统的投入方案对建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的暴露度、敏感度和适应度的影响程度进行仿真分析。结果表明:建筑施工安全系统具有脆弱倾向性;个人子系统、技术子系统和组织管理子系统分别对降低安全系统暴露度、敏感度和提高安全系统适应度有显著的作用,在整个仿真周期内各子系统每单位投入产生的变化幅度分别为17.07%、11.13%和15.60%,并围绕起关键作用的子系统提出了针对性建议,以期降低建筑施工安全系统的脆弱性风险,提高工程安全管理水平。