固定式消防水炮在火电厂封闭圆形煤场中的应用

以某2×300MW级火电厂封闭圆形煤场消防系统的设计为例,对该建筑采用的消防炮灭火系统的选择进行了阐述,详细介绍了该工程采用的固定式消防炮灭火系统,指出固定式消防水炮灭火系统是大型封闭圆形煤场灭火的理想设施,总结了固定式消防水炮在该工程应用中的优缺点。     

应急准备任务设置与应急响应能力建设——基于情景-任务-能力应急预案编制技术研究之二

应急准备任务设置和应急响应能力建设是应急管理中重要内容,是突发事件应急预案编制前置条件和基础。基于情景-任务-能力应急预案管理思想,描述了突发事件应急准备任务和应急响应能力的概念、方法和内容,提出了突发事件应急准备的共同任务和职责任务的一览表,并对共同任务中应急准备一项的内容做了具体介绍。在提出应急响应能力一览表的同时,论述了其功能及发展。     

北京主城区人为热排放的时空特征研究

利用源清单法对北京主城区的人为热进行研究,得出不同热源排放总量与时空特征并进行小区验证.结果表明：主城区的人为热年排放总量为1.11×10¹⁸J/a,为太阳辐射总量的8.1%,其中建筑排热占人为热排放的45.3%,交通和工业部分分别占30.1%、20.2%;人为排热总量最大的为朝阳和海淀区,占主城区总量的52.2%,最少的东城和大兴区均占7.7%;主城区平均排放强度为14.55W/m²,最大为西城区82.30W/m²,大兴区仅为2.61W/m²;人为热排放高值区多集中于北二环与北四环内,约为60~100W/m²,少数街道和地区排热在150W/m²以上,最高排热强度272~376W/m²为北京CBD区,人为热结果与遥感反演的地表温度有一定的正相关关系;交通排热的月变化不显著,日变化系数在09：00、18：00左右较高,建筑排热在不同季节不同时刻均有明显差别,出现“双峰”现象,同人们作息规律相一致.     

能见度对个体疏散速度及路径选择的影响研

为提供火灾条件下人员疏散基础数据,基于4层教学楼疏散平台,开展了不同能见度环境下个体疏散实验,研究了能见度对人员疏散速度及路径选择的影响。研究结果表明:正常能见度条件下,人员的平均疏散速度为（2.37±0.23）m/s,个体间疏散速度差异明显,随着能见度降低,人员的平均疏散速度呈现均匀下降趋势,个体疏散速度最终均趋近于（0.36±0.10）m/s;人员水平疏散速度显著大于下行疏散速度,且水平疏散速度受能见度影响更大;当能见度较高时,人员以视觉作为寻路方式,倾向于选择自己最熟悉的路线进行疏散;能见度较低时,人员主要依靠触觉作为寻路方式,即借助墙或楼梯扶手进行疏散,此时人员的路径选择受到周围围挡物的共同作用。     

双出口疏散吸引区域模型建立与模拟分析

为研究建筑体内人员疏散的出口选择行为,提出基于元胞自动机的人员疏散模型。以学校常见的双出口教室为例进行研究,建立双出口疏散吸引区域模型,得出人员密度较低和较高时疏散吸引区域边界的函数表达式,指出人员密度较高时,边界函数基本满足边界到出口距离的平方之比等于出口的宽度之比;通过对出口宽度、人员数量和出口位置等参量进行仿真分析,充分验证了提出的双出口疏散吸引区域模型的合理性;研究结果有助于合理分配疏散人员,充分发挥建筑疏散的潜在能力。     

高层建筑火灾扑救的潜在危险及预防措施

摘要近30年来,商层建筑发展十分迅速,高层建筑火灾也随之开始频繁发生,在扑救火灾过程中,消防队员常常伤亡,就高层建筑灭火过程中的潜在危险进行分析并提出相应的预防措施。     

机器振动对厂房结构影响的检测及分析

应用振动测试方法,对机器振动对厂房结构的影响进行检测及分析.检测结果分析表明,在机器振动产生的动荷载作用下,厂房结构振动响应不满足工程结构安全要求.分析了其原因并提出应采取的有效措施,为对厂房结构进行安全评价提供了可靠的科学依据.     

多层建筑火灾烟气运动的模拟实验研究

火灾烟气是导致多层建筑火灾中人员伤亡的主要原因。结合多层建筑的实际情况 ,利用缩尺度模型实验楼模拟多层建筑火灾的典型情况 ,对其火灾烟气自火源产生后的运动特性进行实验研究。结果表明 ,烟气沿程由于热交换温度不断降低 ,会迅速达到顶部楼层并立即沉降 ,而且不同工况条件下所包含的有毒成分浓度随着火源温度的升高而上升。实验结果的分析能够较好地符合实际火灾的一些典型调查结果。     

Guatemala: violence in peacetime--a critical analysis of the armed conflict and the peace process

The recent history of Guatemala is interpreted here using an interdisciplinary approach inspired by recent development and conflict studies. The author reflects on his experience in peace-building activities and uses a combination of primary and secondary sources to present the Guatemalan war as a complex political emergency. The first part (a methodological introduction) proposes an analytical framework, taking into account both the root causes and the different functions of violence, in order to achieve a better understanding of contemporary conflicts. In the second and central part of the article, the integrated framework is applied to Guatemala, trying to understand causes and functions of war and negotiation and underlining the existence of structural obstacles to a lasting peace. The conclusions are dedicated to policy implications: if the signing of peace accords represents only a step towards negative peace, the condition for a lasting peace is a strategy for reconciliation and development based on social participation and social justice.     

Building the Capacity of Grassroots Conservation Organizations to Conduct Participatory Evaluation

Stakeholder participation has become a key factor in the success of grassroots conservation and natural resource management programs. Yet the majority of program evaluations are conducted by external consultants for the purposes of accountability, rather than program improvement. Too often, systematic evaluations of conservation programs are not conducted at all. The objective of this study was to build the capacity of a grassroots conservation organization to conduct participatory evaluation, involving project stakeholders in the design, implementation, and use of evaluation. The study applied a conceptual model for participatory evaluation to the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya (WCK), the largest grassroots conservation program for youth in Africa, involving more than one million youth since 1968. Seven trainings in participatory evaluation were conducted with WCK staff, teachers, and community members. The 120 participants, representing nine WCK regions with 800 clubs, showed a significant increase in attitudes and knowledge regarding evaluation, as reflected by mean test scores before and after training. To institutionalize evaluation at WCK, existing organizational practices were assessed and used as a foundation for developing an evaluation system. Based on club competitions, a new evaluation initiative was launched called the WCK Incentive Program. Participants in all seven workshops identified indicators and sources of evidence for this evaluation system, which now serves as a basis for rewarding outstanding performance in WCK. This study revealed the importance of incentives for evaluation, the need to build on existing structures to promote organizational learning, and the necessity for the conservation community to commit resources to capacity building in participatory evaluation.