我国环境监测能力建设的现状及建议

对我国环境监测能力建设的现状进行了分析。指出我国环境监测能力建设取得了明显进展 ,但地区差异很大 ,整体水平不高 ,存在的主要问题是投入不足、体制不顺。提出应加强环境监测管理 ,加大投入 ,建设水质、空气、重点污染源自动监测系统 ,建立国家级开放式环境分析实验室和全国生态与环境监测网络 ,完善数据卫星传输系统 ,全面提高环境监测能力。     

个性化通风在改善大空间空气质量中的应用

针对某大型超市的空气质量调查结果从健康与舒适性角度提出了个性化通风的必要性,并对个性化通风在开敞大空间中应用的可行性及空气质量改善效果进行了论证。研究结果对于空调通风系统的设计、运行管理以及超市的经营策略的不断完善有一定的借鉴作用。     

再论循环型经济的构建

循环型经济是实现可持续发展的重要手段,是一种体现经济系统生态化的新的经济类型.对循环型经济的历史地位与现实意义进行了简要回顾,基于对社会发展历程中经济主导要素的演替规律和环境-社会系统中两大基本矛盾的分析,阐述了经济发展的生态化与人文化走向.研究认为,由直线型经济向循环型经济转变是由工业文明时代向环境文明时代转变的需要.从物质流和能量流视角分析了循环型经济的主要特点和关键问题,指出循环型经济的关键在于“废物的再利用"成为经济系统的有机组成部分.循环型经济的实质并不在于追求物质的“封闭式"循环利用,而是强调资源利用率及利用效率的提高.探讨了在推进循环型经济发展的实践中政府、企业与公众3种行为的整合原则与方法.      

Sustainable development in East Africa: impact evaluation of regional agricultural development projects in Burundi,Kenya, Rwanda,Tanzania, and Uganda

Investments in agricultural technologies, capacity building and policy harmonization are needed to support sustainable development across Africa. Regional development projects can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and innovations across nation-state borders and generate benefits for shared prosperity. This paper uses panel data from 1,160 smallholder households including beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries from five countries in East Africa - Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. From a pool of over 90 projects implemented over a span of 15 years, 23 regional projects are included in this study. The major economic benefits to smallholder participants are higher crop productivity and income, access to adaptable technologies, access to markets, higher livestock and milk production, gender equality, enhanced food security, resilience and capacity building for uptake and scaling up of future innovation platforms. For example, the adoption of low-cost tissue culture banana by the beneficiaries increased their incomes by 15% in Rwanda while the adoption of appropriate land and water management technologies increased the potato yields from 2.8 tons (USD 2,840/ha) to over 7.5 tons (USD 7,410/ha) in Kenya. The beneficiaries ensured value added to commodities like bananas (for export) and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (a nutrition-sensitive intervention for enhancing domestic intake of vitamin A) in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Additionally, milk production increased from 6 to 11 L per cow per day in Uganda and from 6 to 8 L per cow per day in Tanzania, with increases in sales generating USD 115 per cow per month above the non-beneficiaries. These results are supported by previous studies on technology adoption, investments in agriculture and well-being outcomes. Our findings with the higher farm income Difference-in-Differences (DiD) estimator for the female beneficiaries compared to male beneficiaries might have important implications for investing in regional development projects that will close the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Africa. Regional projects can also support post-conflict development efforts for food security and peace in fragile contexts such as in Burundi. Our findings might serve as an input to the African Union's Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, localization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to food security and agriculture in Africa and an input to monitoring, evaluation and learning.     

北京市综合商务楼宇安全管理问题及对策——以西城区德胜地区为例

作为城市经济发展重要依托的综合商务楼宇在运营中仍旧存在安全风险。基于此,本文运用专家调查法,结合整体分析与比对分析,研究了综合商务楼宇安全管理现状中存在的问题,进而提出综合商务楼宇应进一步完善安全管理工作制度,加强风险监管工作力度,创新高品质安全管理方式及倡导楼宇安全管理行业化等措施,以期为楼宇从源头上进行安全管理提供科学方法和应用参考。     

浅谈基层监测站"十二五"能力建设方向

依据环境监测能力建设标准,提出了"十二五"期间基层监测站能力建设的目标和要求,指出实现"三个说得清",应以科研工作为先导,以污染防治为核心,以信息化建设为载体,强化对环境质量综合分析和环境风险源筛分排查,充分发挥基层监测站的作用,更好地为环境管理提供准确有效技术支持的建设思路.     

Toward equality of biodiversity knowledge through technology transfer

To help stem the continuing decline of biodiversity, effective transfer of technology from resource‐rich to biodiversity‐rich countries is required. Biodiversity technology as defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a complex term, encompassing a wide variety of activities and interest groups. As yet, there is no robust framework by which to monitor the extent to which technology transfer might benefit biodiversity. We devised a definition of biodiversity technology and a framework for the monitoring of technology transfer between CBD signatories. Biodiversity technology within the scope of the CBD encompasses hard and soft technologies that are relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, or make use of genetic resources, and that relate to all aspects of the CBD, with a particular focus on technology transfer from resource‐rich to biodiversity‐rich countries. Our proposed framework introduces technology transfer as a response indicator: technology transfer is increased to stem pressures on biodiversity. We suggest an initial approach of tracking technology flow between countries; charting this flow is likely to be a one‐to‐many relationship (i.e., the flow of a specific technology from one country to multiple countries). Future developments should then focus on integrating biodiversity technology transfer into the current pressure‐state‐response indicator framework favored by the CBD (i.e., measuring the influence of technology transfer on changes in state and pressure variables). Structured national reporting is important to obtaining metrics relevant to technology and knowledge transfer. Interim measures, that can be used to assess biodiversity technology or knowledge status while more in‐depth indicators are being developed, include the number of species inventories, threatened species lists, or national red lists; databases on publications and project funding may provide measures of international cooperation. Such a pragmatic approach, followed by rigorous testing of specific technology transfer metrics submitted by CBD signatories in a standardized manner may in turn improve the focus of future targets on technology transfer for biodiversity conservation.     

Low energy buildings in Taiwan mountain areas: A weather data analysis

The energy consumption of buildings is influenced by the climates tremendously. Taiwan is an island covered with high mountains. Crossed by the tropic of cancer, the basic climates zones include tropical and subtropical climates. In this research, the degree day and degree hour methods were used to analyze 37 weather stations data in mid and high elevation regions of Taiwan collected over 10 years. The WRF model were used to predict summer cooling hours using 26, 28, 30°C as the base temperatures. The research showed that Taiwan has complicated climate zones due to the variations of the elevation. The low air-conditioning load areas in the mid and high elevation regions will be the most suitable areas to design low energy consumption buildings in Taiwan.     

Towards a sustainable economy? Socio-technical transitions in the green building sector

Making the transition to a green economy is a major policy driver in the UK and other countries. Entrepreneurs are suggested as being at the forefront of this transition and as a driving force for sustainability. These “green entrepreneurs” may represent a new type of entrepreneurial behaviour combining economic, environmental and social aims. In this paper, we present empirical work conducted with green entrepreneurs in the UK green building sector. Buildings have significant impacts on the environment, both in terms of materials and post-construction energy demands. Drawing on sustainability transitions theory, we examine the role of green entrepreneurs in affecting change and suggest that green building niches are less consensual than previously theorised. In theorising green entrepreneurs, we also point to the need to consider them within wider networks of activity rather than as lone actors and the implications this has for policy.     

城市社区生态能力建设公众认知研究

采用问卷调查和访谈的方法,针对城市社区生态建设的相关范围、内容、方法和技术,进行社区生态建设公众认知调查。结果表明,〉90％受访者认同城市社区需要进行生态建设与改造,主要内容应涉及完善基础设施、环境污染整治及绿地建设等;有高达91．2％的公众认为公众有责任和义务参与社区生态建设;但对于参与生态环境监督执法、生态环境行政决策、生态建设立法和宣传等方面主动性不强;通过研究结果可清晰地看出公众对城市社区生态建设的需求及相关知识的了解程度,下阶段城市社区生态建设应关注的重点内容,以便更好地促进城市社区的可持续发展。