多功能救援属具应用效能综合评价

为了检验新型多功能救援属具在结构设计、制作工艺、功能组合等方面在实际复杂灾害救援场景下的应用实效,采用改进的AHP、熵权法和模糊综合评价方法从工作能力、工作效率、协作能力、维护能力等四个方面对2种新研发的多功能救援属具进行了应用效能综合评价的研究,构建了具有针对性及科学合理的评价指标体系,制定指标测试方法。结果表明:利用改进AHP、熵权法、模糊综合评价相结合的方法能够进一步减少人为主观因素的影响,提升评估结果的实用性和有效性;多功能救援属具提升了实际救援行动的工作能力和工作效率,应用效能评价结果同专家经验判断基本一致。     

山区坡顶建筑荷载作用下顺层粘土边坡稳定性分析

基于摩尔库伦本构模型和SRM法,利用MIDAS GTS NX有限元数值模拟软件,结合镇雄县某滑坡治理区域新出现隐患应急抢险工程施工方案,将该边坡在天然状态、砌石挡土墙加固、抗滑桩加固、抗滑桩+锚杆锚索框格梁加固4种工况模拟结果与现场实际情况进行对比,分析边坡及坡顶建筑稳定性。得出以下结论:该边坡砌石挡土墙的加固作用低于天然削坡状态;坡顶建筑为一层时,天然削坡的安全系数为1.069,存在安全隐患,在类似边坡修筑浅基础房屋前应对边坡进行加固处理;抗滑桩加固对坡脚滑动体起到了良好限制作用,此时边坡安全系数为1.184,仍存在安全隐患;锚杆锚索框格梁对边坡加固时,坡顶建筑与抗滑桩最大变形分别为4.92 cm与3.26 cm,相比抗滑桩加固缩小41.4%与30.2%,安全系数为1.622,相对抗滑提高40.0%,此时边坡处于安全状态。为类似边坡治理工程提供参考。     

A global community-sourced assessment of the state of conservation technology

Conservation technology holds the potential to vastly increase conservationists’ ability to understand and address critical environmental challenges, but systemic constraints appear to hamper its development and adoption. Understanding of these constraints and opportunities for advancement remains limited. We conducted a global online survey of 248 conservation technology users and developers to identify perceptions of existing tools’ current performance and potential impact, user and developer constraints, and key opportunities for growth. We also conducted focus groups with 45 leading experts to triangulate findings. The technologies with the highest perceived potential were machine learning and computer vision, eDNA and genomics, and networked sensors. A total of 95%, 94%, and 92% respondents, respectively, rated them as very helpful or game changers. The most pressing challenges affecting the field as a whole were competition for limited funding, duplication of efforts, and inadequate capacity building. A total of 76%, 67%, and 55% respondents, respectively, identified these as primary concerns. The key opportunities for growth identified in focus groups were increasing collaboration and information sharing, improving the interoperability of tools, and enhancing capacity for data analyses at scale. Some constraints appeared to disproportionately affect marginalized groups. Respondents in countries with developing economies were more likely to report being constrained by upfront costs, maintenance costs, and development funding (p = 0.048, odds ratio [OR] = 2.78; p = 0.005, OR = 4.23; p = 0.024, OR = 4.26), and female respondents were more likely to report being constrained by development funding and perceived technical skills (p = 0.027, OR = 3.98; p = 0.048, OR = 2.33). To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to formally capture the perspectives and needs of the global conservation technology community, providing foundational data that can serve as a benchmark to measure progress. We see tremendous potential for this community to further the vision they define, in which collaboration trumps competition; solutions are open, accessible, and interoperable; and user-friendly processing tools empower the rapid translation of data into conservation action. Article impact statement: Addressing financing, coordination, and capacity-building constraints is critical to the development and adoption of conservation technology.     

大空间建筑内火灾烟气充填的研究

对烟气在大空间建筑内的充填规律作了分析，并在中国科技大学与香港理工大学合建的大空 间火灾实验厅内进行了若干轮试验。结果表明，在着火的初期阶段，大厅上部的烟气流动比较紊 乱，但在以后的大部分时间，烟气的充填过程仍可用火灾区域模拟方法计算。     

The Social Meaning of Carbon Dioxide Emission Trading Institutional Capacity Building for a Green Market in Costa Rica

Forests offer good possibilities for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. This service can be commodified by the introduction of carbon (dioxide) credits, which can be traded on a carbon market. The premise of this paper is that the traditional economic view on the construction of these carbon markets is a too simplistic one, particularly, because it neglects the social meaning of a carbon market for developing countries. From their viewpoint as suppliers of carbon credits such a market has a broader meaning. It must be seen as a social mechanism for improving both the living conditions of local people and a more encompassing improvement of the environment than climate as such. What initially might be labelled as a carbon market might better be understood as a more encompassing 'green market'. The agreement between Costa Rica and Norway, officially known as the Reforestation Conservation Activities Implemented Jointly Project (RFCAIJP) represents a clear example of a green market. In this paper, we study the development, characteristics and benefits of that market, asking the question what lessons can be learned from this first practical experiences. More specifically we focus on the conditions that have made this type of agreement successful.     

上海市民用建筑能耗的估算与分析

建筑能耗是重要的社会能源消耗主体。采用宏观能源统计方法,利用综合能源平衡表估算上海市1999-2009年住宅能耗和公共建筑运行能耗的变化及其特征。结果表明,上海市民用建筑总能耗由1999年的687.82万tce增加到2009年的1 774.91万tce,平均年增长率为4.68%;住宅建筑能耗呈上升趋势,而单位面积能耗逐年下降,单位面积住宅建筑能耗均值比公共建筑低35.30 kgce/(m2.a);公共建筑单位建筑面积能耗变化呈略增态势,2009年单位建筑能耗比1999年高9.64 kgce/(m2.a)。研究结果可为建筑节能减排政策的制定提供决策参考和数据支持。     

燃煤灰渣建材利用产生的辐射影响评价

燃煤灰渣建材利用是解决粉煤灰问题的一个重要途径,而燃煤灰渣对煤中伴生的天然放射性物质的富集使得在对粉煤灰渣进行建材利用时要特别注意其放射性对人类和环境产生的辐射影响。本文依据国家相关标准对燃煤灰渣建材利用产生的辐射影响评价方法作一些探讨,并参考现有的数据对燃煤灰渣建材利用的辐射影响进行了初步评价。研究认为,以现有的灰渣建材利用水平,其产生的辐射影响几乎可以忽略。     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

杭州市环保系统人才队伍建设初探

阐述了新形势对杭州市环保系统人才队伍建设提出的更高要求,系统分析了人才发展现状,从环保人才分类体系出发,提出了各类环保人才队伍建设的对策建议。     

浅淡国家生态县创建中的能力建设及保障措施

对在国家生态县创建活动中如何提升监测能力建设和加强政策支持等保障措施进行论述,以期对各地生态县创建工作提供一定的借鉴作用。