NEGOTIATION TECHNIQUES TO RESOLVE WESTERN WATER DISPUTES1

ABSTRACT: There is a growing literature on the resolution of natural resources conflicts. Much of it is practical, focusing on guidelines for hands-on negotiation. This literature can be a guide in water conflicts. This is especially true for negotiations over new environmental values such as instream flow. The concepts of competitive, cooperative, and integrative styles of conflict resolution are applied to three cases of water resource bargaining. Lessons for the effective use of these ideas include: break a large number of parties into small working groups, approach value differences in small steps, be cautious in the presence of an attentive public, keep decisions at the local level, and understand the opponent's interests.     

Experimental verification for real-time environmental emergency response system: WSPEEDI by European tracer experiment

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute has developed an emergency response system WSPEEDI to forecast long-range atmospheric dispersions of radionuclides discharged into the atmosphere. The latest version of WSPEEDI consists of an atmospheric dynamic model MM5 for calculating meteorological fields and a particle random-walk model for atmospheric dispersion. The performance of WSPEEDI was evaluated by data obtained from a field tracer experiment over Europe (ETEX) in this paper. The model validation was done with respect to the following points: (1) the dependence of model accuracy on the temporal and spatial resolutions of the meteorological fields and (2) the superiority of an atmospheric dynamic model over a mass-consistent wind model. Regarding (1), it was shown that the calculation accuracy of the new version with high temporal resolution was improved, especially at the edge of the plume. Moreover, although the increase in horizontal spatial resolution of the old version had no substantial effect on the model performance, increase in horizontal resolution of the new version contributed to the significant improvement of the calculation accuracy. These results showed that the dynamically calculated meteorological field with the spatial resolution of the meso-β–γ scale greatly improved calculation accuracy.     

大气污染物多时间分辨率的小波分析

利用Modet小波函数进行小波变换,利用Daubechies小波函数进行分解及滤波,以乌鲁木齐市的大气污染物时间序列为例,分析了当地单个大气监测站点NO2的多分辨率的演变特性,并对NO2的时间序列进行了滤波消噪.研究结果显示,NO2年际变化和季节性变化的时间尺度在尺度空间中分布不均匀,具有较明显的局部化特征;除了季节性变化的时间尺度和变化趋势之外,还存在大气污染物中、长期变化趋势.基于滤波消噪后的时间序列建立的预测模型可用于有效地提高大气污染物的预测预报精度.     

弯道明渠内危化品泄漏扩散的数值模拟

自由水面流动和危化品水体迁移扩散过程属有界性问题,利用两相流理论建立三维瞬态VOF动力学模型,在其基础上提出危化品水体迁移扩散的浓度压缩性微分方程,有限容积法离散方程,高分辨率Gamma离散格式适用于解决有界性问题,用Gamma格式离散VOF和危化品迁移扩散方程的对流项。对Chang实验的弯曲水槽的流动及危化品扩散进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果较吻合。笔者建立的数学模型能准确地模拟水流三维特性突出的弯道水槽的流场和危化品水体迁移扩散过程。     

Criteria for equitable allocations: the heart of international water conflict

At the heart of most international water conflicts is the question of 'equitable' allocations, criteria for which are vague and often contradictory. However, application of an equitable water-sharing agreement along the volatile waterways of the globe is a prerequisite to hydropolitical stability. This article explores the question of equity measures for water-sharing agreements in the context of global hydropolitics and is divided into three parts. The Introduction provides a brief summary of the general principles of equitable allocations. The second part of the paper describes the practice of water resources allocations as exemplified in the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database - a computerized database of 149 treaties relating to international water resources compiled at Oregon State University; 49 of these treaties delineate specific water allocations. The third and fourth parts of the article contrast the principles and practice of water equity. It is noticeable how rarely the general principles are explicitly invoked, particularly the extreme principles of absolute sovereignty or absolute riverain integrity. Most treaties favor existing uses, and/or guarantees to downstream riparians. It is interesting that, while many international water negotiations begin with differing legal interpretations of rights, they often shift to a needs-based criteria for water allocations. Mostly, one is struck by the creativity of the negotiators in addressing specific language to each very specific local setting and concerns.     

用国务院《决定》指导环境宣传教育工作--学习国务院《关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》的体会

笔者结合环境保护宣传教育工作的实际，就如何贯彻落实国务院《关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》做好环保宣传教育工作进行了思考，提出了做好有关工作的建议。     

铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属来源解析及污染评价

为探明铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属主要来源及污染程度,采集并测定了361个表层土壤（0～20 cm）样品重金属Ag、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 Mo、 Sb、 Ba、 As和Hg.利用PMF模型和IDW插值相结合的方法对研究区土壤重金属进行来源解析及空间分布特征分析.在传统物元可拓模型的基础上,引入Hakanson毒性响应系数修正权重系数对重金属污染水平进行评价,并将评价结果与Muller指数(I_geo)和Nemerow综合指数（P_N）进行对比.结果显示：（1）ω（Ag）、ω（Cu）、ω（Pb）、ω（Zn）、ω（Mo）、ω（Sb）、ω（Ba）、ω（As）和ω（Hg）均值分别为0.05、 19.32、 23.34、 62.89、 0.97、 0.87、 542.56、 8.88和0.07 mg·kg^-1,其中Zn和Hg均高出河南省土壤背景值,但低于农用地土壤污染风险管制值,研究区土壤9种重金属在空间上主要呈现岛状和片状分布.（2）修正权重系数的物元可拓模型评价结果显示,研究区仅有6.37%的表层土壤为清洁土壤,89.75%为尚...     

Reducing multiple-use conflicts on public lands through experimental stewardship

Implementation of a consensus-based management and planning process on three pilot areas has reduced conflicts among interest groups. There are insufficient data to demonstrate biological improvement in range condition on the pilot areas at this time. Economic analysis indicates that recreation values exceed all other resource values in all three pilot areas.     

含泥沙水样总磷测定方法的研究

对含泥沙水样消解后不用滤膜过滤而改为直接定容于 5 0mL比色管中 ,经钼酸盐、抗坏血酸试剂显色后离心 ,取清液测定。经对比实验表明 ,该法灵敏度、精确度、准确度均满足环境监测技术规范要求 ,有效消除了泥沙对TP测定的影响     

Identification of a reactive degradation zone at a landfill leachate plume fringe using high resolution sampling and incubation techniques

Vertical small-scale variation in phenoxy acid herbicide degradation across a landfill leachate plume fringe was studied using laboratory degradation experiments. Sediment cores (subdivided into 5 cm segments) were collected in the aquifer and the sediment and porewater were used for microcosm experiments (50 experiments) and for determination of solid organic carbon, solid-water partitioning coefficients, specific phenoxy acid degraders and porewater chemistry. Results from a multi-level sampler installed next to the cores provided information on the plume position and oxygen concentration in the groundwater. Oxygen concentration was controlled individually in each microcosm to mimic the conditions at their corresponding depths. A highly increased degradation potential existed at the narrow plume fringe (37.7 to 38.6 masl), governed by the presence of phenoxy acids and oxygen. This resulted in the proliferation of a microbial population of specific phenoxy acid degraders, which further enhanced the degradation potential for phenoxy acids at the fringe. The results illustrate the importance of fringe degradation processes in contaminant plumes. Furthermore, they highlight the relevance of using high-resolution sampling techniques as well as controlled microcosm experiments in the assessment of the natural attenuation capacity of contaminant plumes in groundwater.