巢湖水域四溴双酚A的多介质迁移与归趋模拟

运用Ⅲ级逸度模型,模拟并研究了不同水动力条件下四溴双酚A（TBBPA）在巢湖水-沉积物系统中各环境相的浓度、储量以及相间的迁移通量.结果表明：TBBPA在水相、再悬浮颗粒相和沉积物相中的模拟计算浓度与实测平均浓度吻合度较高,验证了模型的有效性,并通过灵敏度分析探讨了模拟关键参数.当系统达到平衡时,沉积物是TBBPA最大的储库（占系统总储量86%以上）.同时,由于较强的水动力条件会改变系统再悬浮特征以及降解半衰期等关键参数,进而降低了各环境相中TBBPA的浓度值,增加了水相和再悬浮颗粒相中的储量比例,并增加了水体-再悬浮颗粒、沉积物-再悬浮颗粒的相间交换通量.此外,TBBPA在巢湖水-沉积物系统中损失的主要途径为沉积物相的降解（占入湖总量87%以上）.     

Twenty‐One‐Year Simulation of Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Using the CE‐QUAL‐ICM Eutrophication Model

The CE‐QUAL‐ICM (Corps of Engineers Integrated Compartment Water Quality Model) eutrophication model was applied in a 21‐year simulation of Chesapeake Bay water quality, 1985‐2005. The eutrophication model is part of a larger model package and is forced, in part, by models of atmospheric deposition, watershed flows and loads, and hydrodynamics. Results from the model are compared with observations in multiple formats including time series plots, cumulative distribution plots, and statistical summaries. The model indicates only one long‐term trend in computed water quality: light attenuation deteriorates circa 1993 through the end of the simulation. The most significant result is the influence of physical processes, notably stratification and associated effects (e.g., anoxic volume), on computed water quality. Within the application period, physical effects are more important determinants of year‐to‐year variability in computed water quality than external loads.     

环境中抗生素污染物的研究进展

最近的研究显示,在城市污水、表面水、土壤甚至食物中都检测到了不同种类抗生素的存在,抗生素在环境中的残留问题已经引起了研究者的关注。本文主要介绍了当前国内外抗生素的使用情况、来源,在环境中暴露途径、归趋和对生态的影响等方面的最新研究进展及存在问题,并提出了今后抗生素环境污染研究的主要方向。     

防污剂Sea-Nine211的环境归宿及其生态毒性研究进展

Sea-Nine211因易降解、生物富集性小而成为世界上广泛使用的新型防污剂。目前关于Sea-Nine211在环境中的迁移、转化和稳定性等的研究资料很少,为评估Sea-Nine211对环境生态系统造成的潜在危害,文章就其在水环境中的转归及其生态毒性等方面进行综述,并对今后的研究方向作了展望。     

Fate of tetracyclines in swine manure of three selected swine farms in China

Veterinary antibiotics can enter the environment due to the common practice of land application of manure from treated animals. The environmental fate of tetracyclines in swine manure after composting and field application remains largely unknown. This study analyzed the concentrations of tetracyclines in manure, manure-based compost and compost amended soil in selected swine farms from Beijing, Jiaxing and Putian, China to determine the dilution effects of antibiotics when released into the soil environment. The results demonstrate that residues of antibiotics were detected in all samples and chlortetracycline as well as its degradation products should be regarded critically concerning their potential ecotoxicity. Application of manure-based compost to soil could reduce the possible risk posed by antibiotic contamination, but the trigger value of 100 μupg/kg was still exceeded in soil samples (776.1 μupg/kg dw) from Putian City after application of compost. Field studies such as the present one can help to improve the routine administration of antibiotic-containing composted manure.     

基于3MRA模型的填埋场安全填埋废物污染物阈值评估方法与应用研究

选取案例填埋场7种目标污染物为研究对象,运用3MRA模型模拟污染物在填埋场周围环境介质中的迁移转化.结果表明,7种目标污染物最低安全填埋阈值大小顺序为:污染物二价镍>苯>镉>铅>六价铬>砷>汞;污染物苯、砷、汞各自的人类和生态受体安全填埋阈值相同,镉和二价镍的人类受体安全填埋阈值高于生态受体,六价铬的生态受体安全填埋阈值高于人类受体,场区地下水的致癌风险和危害商分别为5.06×10-7和2.3×10-1.     

An interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model for environmental fate of PAHs and their source apportionment in a typical oilfield,China

An interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model with a new validation criterion of interval average logarithmic residual error (IALRE) was developed in this study. The environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source apportionment in a typical oilfield of China were simulated from 1985 to 2010. The PAH concentrations predicted by the model were in agreement with the measured concentrations, which were indicated by the IALREs calculated at 0.41, 0.63, 0.52, and 0.58 for air, water, soil, and sediment, respectively. The multimedia concentrations of Σ16 PAHs were 29.55, 39.22, 31.98, and 26.69 times greater in 2010 than those in 1985, and were higher than any other year modelled. Additionally, 87.82% of PAHs remained in the soil in 2010. PAH source emission into the soil was the major modelled source, whereas PAH degradation in the air was the major modelled loss pathway; the dominant transfer process between the adjacent compartments was atmospheric deposition from air to soil. It was demonstrated that high-temperature combustion was the major source of PAHs in the air and soil, whereas biomass and coal combustion were attributed to water and sediment compartments. The IDMF model was effective in the dynamic source apportionment of PAHs.     

Environmental fate and ecotoxicology of paraquat: a California perspective

The herbicide paraquat belongs to the group of the bipyridylium salts. In California, it is used primarily for control of broad-leaved grasses in fruit orchards and plantations, as a cotton defoliant, and for inter-row control in many crop and non-crop areas. In plants, paraquat causes the formation of reactive radicals leading to cell membrane damage and ultimately rapid desiccation. Soil clay minerals have a greater influence on paraquat adsorption and inactivation compared with soil organic matter following an application. Degradation mechanisms include photolysis, chemical, and microbial degradation, but these processes are generally extremely slow. In California during 2000–2014, paraquat was used primarily for the cultivation of almonds, cotton, alfalfa, and grapes: median value for an application and annual mass applied statewide were 0.53 kg ion/ha and 280 Mg, respectively. Paraquat was undetected in groundwater as a non-point source pollutant. Detections in surface waters (0.42–3.6 μg/L) were <1%. In earthworms and other invertebrates there is limited paraquat accumulation as toxic effects are mitigated via soil inactivation. Paraquat is among the most embryotoxic contaminants for bird eggs, but not to adult; it causes toxic and teratogenic effects in amphibians, and toxic effects in honeybees, fish, and other aquatic species.     

计算机图形学的教学实践及在煤矿安全中的应用

计算机图形学主要是研究用计算机及图形设备输入、表示、变换、运算和输出图形的原理、算法及系统。在教学、实验及应用中有独特的特点。该文建议在教学中,将该课程分为知识案例教学、案例实验、系统学习、课程设计、应用系统开发和综合训练模块,合理组织教学内容。在授课过程中使用概念图技术,建立可视化教学模型,将其落实到教学实践后,收到了良好的效果,使课程更加形象、生动、具体,调动了学生学习的主动性和积极性。该课程可与煤矿的安全生产管理相结合后,在煤矿的生产系统设计、火灾和瓦斯爆炸、安全教育和技术培训等方面应用,可以提高组织、指挥、协调和控制效率,可有效提高煤矿生产安全及管理水平。     

Spatiotemporal multimedia emission inventory for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near petroleum production plants in China based on a 10′ × 10′ grid

A spatiotemporal model was developed to investigate emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Daqing, a Chinese city with large petroleum industry plants. The model was based on land-use types determined on a 10′?×?10′ grid. A geographic information system and regression analyses were used to characterise spatial and temporal variations in PAH emissions into multiple environmental media. The simulated results were validated using previously published experimental data, and the model was found to function well. PAH emissions to the atmosphere, soil, and surface water between 1998 and 2013 were estimated. The results indicated that PAH emissions to the atmosphere increased but PAH emissions to the soil and surface water decreased over the study period. PAH emissions to the atmosphere were markedly higher in winter than in summer. PAH emissions were concentrated in urban areas and areas near petroleum production plants, indicating that PAH emissions were closely related to industrial activities. The results will support research into the migration and transformation of PAHs and human health and ecological risk assessments. The results may also be useful for developing policies for controlling PAH pollution and managing risks associated with PAHs.