固相萃取柱净化-液相色谱法测定大气中多环芳烃

建立以乙腈-水为流动相,高效液相色谱法测定大气颗粒物中16种优控多环芳烃化合物的方法。用玻璃纤维滤膜采集大气颗粒物,以二氯甲烷为溶剂,超声波提取样品,提取液过滤经溶剂转换后在C18硅胶柱上分离净化,洗脱液经氩气吹干浓缩后用乙腈定容,用乙腈-水作流动相进行高效液相色谱梯度洗脱分离,荧光检测器变波长程序检测。通过实验优化了16种多环芳烃化合物的分离和测定条件。16种PAH检测限为0.023~0.45μg／L,日内(n=5)和日间(n=5)相对标准偏差分别为小于1.20％和小于2.3％。该法具有快速、灵敏、准确、重现性好的优点,适合于大气中痕量多环芳烃的测定。     

土壤中多环芳烃的稳定碳同位素特征及其对污染源示踪意义

分析了天津市不同功能区土壤中多环芳烃的稳定碳同位素组成特征、土壤中菲、甲基菲、荧葸和芘的δ^13C值范围分别为-29．5‰～-23．2‰、-39．8‰～-23．4‰、-27．2％～-23．6‰和-28．1‰～-22．6‰,不同功能区稳定碳同位素组成的差异反映了PAHs来源的差异．稳定碳同位素组成特征表明,在研究区内,化石燃料燃烧产物的干-湿沉降是土壤PAHs的最主要来源之一,其它可能的来源有污水携带的油污、农作物茎杆及薪柴不完全燃烧产物等．就具体地点而言,土壤PAHs以二元混合输入为主,据此,运用稳定碳同位素组成的二元复合数值模型对不同来源PAHs的相对贡献率进行了估算     

油船装船损耗环境影响研究

油船装船时烃类气体的蒸发损耗及其对环境的影响逐渐引起人们的重视,而目前油品码头环评阶段,大气环境评价仅仅是定性分析,并没有进行定量预测。本文就油品码头大气环境影响评价中污染源强的估算、评价标准的确定以及预测情景假设等进行了探讨,并以福建省泉州市泉港区鲤鱼尾作业区8#泊位3000T级成品油码头为例,通过模式预测定量地分析油船装船损耗对港区及周边环境敏感目标的影响,提出合理的规划布局建议。     

石油烃对栉孔扇贝血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的初步研究

为研究石油烃对海洋生物的毒性效应,将栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)暴露于0.08、0.21和0.88mg·L-1石油烃中,采用单细胞凝胶电泳实验(彗星实验)技术检测不同暴露时间扇贝血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤程度,对照组中石油烃背景浓度为0.04mg·L-1。结果显示,低浓度(0.08mg·L-1)的石油烃短期(<7d)内即可导致栉孔扇贝血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤,并且随石油烃浓度的增大和暴露时间的延长,DNA损伤程度增加,石油烃浓度达0.88mg·L-1时,DNA损伤程度已非常严重。3d恢复实验后,各浓度组DNA损伤又均有不同程度的恢复。研究表明,彗星实验是检测石油烃对海洋贝类DNA损伤的一种有效手段,贝类血淋巴细胞DNA损伤有望成为石油烃污染的一种生物标志物,用于海洋污染的早期预警监测。     

铁活化过硫酸盐修复石油烃污染土壤的研究进展

分析了Fe~0、Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)活化过硫酸盐氧化石油烃的机理,介绍了土壤中石油烃污染物降解的影响因素以及总结了铁活化过硫酸盐修复石油烃污染土壤技术的不足。指出应以铁活化过硫酸盐原位修复作为土壤中高浓度有机污染物的前处置方法,再结合微生物或植物修复等技术,以减少对土壤理化性质的影响;另外,检测仪器的发展有利于土壤修复技术的应用。     

土壤石油类污染物强化生物修复技术研究进展

通过对石油类污染土壤的危害进行分析,指出生物修复技术是土壤石油类污染去除的重要手段。由于石油类污染物组成的复杂性及难降解性,高效降解微生物的富集、驯化,特别是基于多种生物协同共生的高效降解菌群的构建,是实现强化生物修复的重要途径。降解过程中污染物种类及理化性质、温度和pH值、电子受体、营养元素等都对污染物的降解产生较大的影响。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究

通过实验室选择性富集培养,从大庆石油污染土壤中获得了能以大庆原油为碳源快速生长的石油降解菌。采用该降解菌对原油污染土壤进行了原位生物联合修复实验。接入降解菌的处理单元分别种植大豆、碱草或加入蓬松剂,与空白试样作对比。各处理单元石油污染土壤中石油烃含量初始值为2228．25mg／kg（以1kg干土计）。经过135d的生物联合修复,石油烃降解率达63．65％-83．26％。     

Measurement of Traffic Related Toxic Air Pollutants in an Urban Atmosphere

Nose-level measurements of air toxics were made along a busy urban street in Ottawa, Canada for 2 hr periods during morning, noon, and afternoon rush hours in the winter and summer of 2000. Measurements were also made in a commuter car and a transit bus during morning and afternoon commutes in 2000. The main objectives of the study were to establish a database, to determine temporal and seasonal variations and to determine the contribution of motor vehicle traffic to the measured toxic substance concentrations. Ottawa is an appropriate choice of location for the measurement of motor vehicle related toxic and reactive compounds, as it has virtually no industrial sources that could be contributing to the ambient loadings. Samples were collected for a total of 165 volatile organic compounds and 25 carbonyl compounds. Sampling and analytical methodologyare discussed and results are presented. Toluene, ethylene andformaldehyde were the most abundant pollutants in Ottawa during both winter and summer. Total non-methane hydrocarbon concentrationwas measured as 100 g m^-3 at nose-level measurements in Ottawa.     

Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed, deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends

Mixed crude palm oil(MCPO),the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil,has become of great interest as a renewable energy source.It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits.In the present work,the degummed,deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage.The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler.The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10,2.5 and 1μm,while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1μm.Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography.The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accumulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles(< 1μm) showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs(4-6 aromatic rings),especially pyrene.The mass median diameter,PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content,but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased.In addition,Commercial petroleum diesel(PB0) gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent(BaP eq) for all particle size ranges.As the palm oil was increased,the BaP eq decreased gradually.Therefore the degummed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.     

北京市夏季二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

基于北京市夏季高臭氧事件期间挥发性有机物（VOC）的监测数据,利用气溶胶生成系数（FAC）对北京市夏季二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成潜势进行了估算.估算方法结合了北京市的实际情况,并考虑了苯和异戊二烯是SOA前体物.结果表明,检测到的70种VOC中有31种是SOA前体物,可产生8.48 μg/m³的SOA,占细粒子（PM_2.5）有机组分的30％.甲苯、二甲苯、蒎烯、乙苯和正十一烷是对SOA生成贡献最大的5个物种,分别占SOA生成量的20％、 22％、 14％、 9％和4％.由人为源排放的芳香烃是北京市SOA最主要的来源,占SOA生成潜势的76％.天然源排放的烯烃对SOA的贡献占16％,烷烃（7％）和羰基化合物（1％）的贡献较小.SOA的主要成分是含苯环的产物、脂肪族酸、羰基化合物和脂肪族硝酸酯,分别占72％、 14％、 11％和3％.具有高SOA生成潜势的物种的环境浓度和臭氧生成潜势都较低,因此在VOC控制政策的制定上要综合考虑VOC的环境浓度、臭氧生成潜势和SOA生成潜势.