Pyrolysis of waste animal fats in a fixed-bed reactor: Production and characterization of bio-oil and bio-char

Several animal (lamb, poultry and swine) fatty wastes were pyrolyzed under nitrogen, in a laboratory scale fixed-bed reactor and the main products (liquid bio-oil, solid bio-char and syngas) were obtained. The purpose of this study is to produce and characterize bio-oil and bio-char obtained from pyrolysis of animal fatty wastes. The maximum production of bio-oil was achieved at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C and a heating rate of 5 °C/min. The chemical (GC–MS analyses) and spectroscopic analyses (FTIR analyses) of bio-oil showed that it is a complex mixture consisting of different classes of organic compounds, i.e., hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, cyclic compounds…etc.), carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters,…etc. According to fuel properties, produced bio-oils showed good properties, suitable for its use as an engine fuel or as a potential source for synthetic fuels and chemical feedstock. Obtained bio-chars had low carbon content and high ash content which make them unattractive for as renewable source energy.     

Nitrogen evolution during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid waste and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed

Nitrogen evolution was studied during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid wastes (HT MSW) and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). HT MSW blending ratios as 10%, 20% and 30% (wt.%) were selected and tested at 700, 800, 900 °C. Emissions of NO and N₂O from blends were measured and compared with the results of mono-combustion trials. Moreover, concentrations of precursors like NH₃ and HCN were also quantified. The results are summarized as follows: NO emissions were predominant in all the cases, which rose with increasing temperature. The blending of HT MSW contributed to the NO reduction. N₂O emissions decreased with temperature rising and the blending of HT MSW also presented positive effects. At 30% HT MSW addition, both NO and N₂O emissions showed the lowest values (391.85 ppm and 55.33 ppm, respectively at 900 °C). For the precursors, more HCN was detected than NH₃ and both played important roles on the gas side nitrogen evolution.     

Comparative analysis of anaerobically digested wastes flow properties

The flow curve of anaerobically digested wastes from different origins was determined through rheological measurements. Regardless of their origin, samples can be divided into two families: simple non-Newtonian liquids well modelled by basic power law below 10%DC and viscoelastic liquids with a yield stress, well modelled by a Herschel–Bulkley model above. In all the cases, the rheological behaviour is driven by both the organic content and the volatile fraction (organic content/solid content), indicating that anaerobic digestion tends to smooth the rheological characteristics of organic wastes, whichever their origins.     

容积负荷对ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷性能的影响

采用连续流ABR-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水,研究不同容积负荷(volume loading rate,VLR)对该工艺反硝化除磷性能的影响,获得最佳工艺参数.试验考察ABR进水容积负荷(以COD计,下同)分别为0.76、1.01、1.51和2.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时系统去碳脱氮除磷的性能,并在各ABR容积负荷条件下考察MBR容积负荷对MBR反应器硝化性能的影响.结果表明,在ABR进水容积负荷为1.51 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的条件下,系统A2隔室COD去除量最大,并在MBR容积负荷为0.462 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,MBR反应器中实现了短程硝化,系统NH_4~+-N和TN去除率分别达到90%和72%以上,厌氧释磷量为7.41 mg·L~(-1),缺氧吸磷量达到15.42 mg·L~(-1),出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度低于0.5 mg·L~(-1),这表明短程硝化更有利于强化ABR-MBR系统的反硝化除磷性能.     

进水有机负荷对三级生物滴滤池脱氮除磷的影响

试验采用三级(好氧/兼氧/好氧)多层组合填料生物滴滤池处理模拟生活污水,探索强化脱氮除磷工艺。考察了在相同水力负荷和布水周期下,改变进水有机负荷对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP去除率的影响,并用扫描电镜和X射线衍射(XRD)对填料进行辅助分析。研究结果表明,三级串联生物滴滤池的组合相比传统的单级或两级生物滴滤池反应器处理效果更好。第1级和第2级生物滴滤池去除COD、NH_4~+-N和TN效果较好,贡献率合计分别为93.0%、91.2%和91.4%。第1级和第3级生物滴滤池除磷效果较好,贡献率合计91.4%。有机负荷为0.328~0.392 kg/(m~3·d)时,系统总体去除效果最好。     

铁炭内电解垂直流人工湿地对污水厂尾水深度脱氮效果

针对污水厂尾水总氮(TN)含量偏高、微生物可利用碳源低的问题,构建铁炭内电解垂直流人工湿地(ICIE-VFCW)装置,研究了ICIE-VFCW对尾水的处理效果,并采用紫外-可见光光谱(UV-VIS)、凝胶过滤色谱(GFC),进一步探讨了ICIEVFCW强化脱氮机制.结果表明,ICIE-VFCW可提高系统对尾水中COD的去除,出水COD可稳定在30 mg·L~(-1)以下,全年、暖季、寒季COD平均去除率较普通垂直流人工湿地分别可提高10.16%、9.81%、11.22%.系统出水TN可维持在10 mg·L~(-1)以下,全年、暖季、寒季TN平均去除率较普通垂直流人工湿地分别提高13.72%、12.90%、16.17%.经过人工湿地处理后,污水中有机物的腐殖度、芳香度及相对分子质量(Mr)均有所下降,且ICIE-VFCW中Mr下降更为明显.湿地基质掺杂铁炭可促进尾水中大分子有机物转化为小分子,为微生物提供更多可利用碳源,从而提高脱氮效率.     

生活垃圾焚烧废气中二噁英监测采样研究

对当前国内生活垃圾焚烧废气中二噁英监测相关标准和技术规范的解读和实践操作后,认识到生活垃圾焚烧废气中二噁英监测采样的现状及不足.针对不同类型烟道,不同采样时间和不同采样时间间隔分别进行了研究.实验结果表明,同一稳定气流的排放源中,水平烟道和垂直烟道测试二噁英毒性当量排放浓度水平相当;满足监测采样量要求下,不同采样时间和采样时间间隔对二噁英监测结果并无显著差异,对此给出几点相应采样建议.     

细菌对城市污水中小球藻生长和油脂积累的影响

利用城市污水培养微藻,可在实现污水无害化处理的同时,培养微藻回收生物质能源.污水为微藻的培养提供氮、磷等营养组分和所需水源,同时污水中的细菌可分解污水中的有机物产生CO_2,为微藻提供生长所需碳源.菌藻混合培养既可以收获藻类,又可以净化污水,由于城市污水含有大量的原生菌类,且微藻与细菌之间存在着互生、拮抗等复杂的相互关系,因此,需要筛选出既能够适应于城市污水又能促进微藻生长和油脂积累的优势菌种.本文从不同来源的13种细菌中筛选出2种能够显著促进蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长和油脂积累细菌,并分析了微藻培养结束后城市污水的菌群结构.结果表明:污水中光合细菌初始吸光度D600为0.01,W4菌初始吸光度D_(600)为0.02时,对小球藻的干重和油脂产量促进作用最显著,油脂产量分别可达0.114 g·L~(-1)、0.113 g·L~(-1),油脂产量比空白对照组分别提高了22.58%、21.50%.通过对生成的脂肪酸甲酯进行气相色谱分析,结果显示光合细菌和W4菌的添加并未改变小球藻脂肪酸成分,但提升了单不饱和脂肪酸的含量,有利于提升所得生物柴油的品位.培养结束后污水的菌群结构分析显示投加细菌会降低污水中菌群的丰富度和多样性,初步判断是投加的菌在藻液中能够成为优势菌群,且实验组中丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的丰度大于对照组.     

MUCT工艺全程硝化和短程硝化模式下反硝化除磷研究

采用MUCT工艺处理低C/N比实际生活污水,研究在全程硝化及短程硝化模式下系统的反硝化除磷性能.MUCT反应器在常温下运行180 d,结果表明,采用低DO和短水力停留时间(HRT)实现了短程硝化,亚硝酸盐积累率达到70%以上.系统表现出较好的反硝化除磷性能,短程硝化期间磷的去除率和反硝化除磷率分别为90%和91%,全程硝化期间磷的去除率和反硝化除磷率分别为60%和88%.虽然短程硝化模式下磷的去除效果明显优于全程硝化模式,但荧光原位杂交(FISH)试验结果表明,2种模式下污泥中PAOs占总菌群的比例基本相同,平均为37%.COD去除效果稳定,试验期间出水COD均低于50 mg.L-1.不同硝化模式下污泥的批次试验表明:短程硝化期间,以NO2--N作为电子受体为主的反硝化除磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例和全程硝化期间以NO3--N作为电子受体为主的反硝化除磷菌的比例相比没有明显变化,平均为38%;与全程硝化时期相比,短程硝化阶段对有限碳源的利用率更高,磷的去除效果更好.短程硝化模式下的反硝化除磷更有利于低碳源污水的处理.     

不同玉米品种对新鲜城市污泥处理效果的初步研究

寻求城市污泥安全农用的方法是当前城市污泥处理处置的重要研究课题之一.采用小区试验,研究了8个玉米品种对新鲜城市污泥处理效果.结果表明:所选择的8个玉米品种均可以在污泥上生长,大丰5品种对锌的累积量最低,04杂1品种对镉累积量最低,会单4品种对铜和铅累积量最低;玉米种植可显著降低城市污泥中的含水率,比不种玉米的对照处理(69.43%)水分去除率提高9.05%~17.50%,有利于城市污泥的干化及后续利用;各玉米品种植株中的总养分(氮+五氧化二磷+氧化钾)均高于有机肥标准(NY525—2012)的总养分要求,而重金属镉和铅的质量浓度除赛田3品种外其他品种均低于农用有机肥标准(NY525—2012)的限量值;玉米种植后城市污泥中的总养分和锌、镉、铜、铅4种重金属质量浓度变化很小.可见,利用玉米处理新鲜的城市污泥既可降低城市污泥中的水分,又可以产生一定量优质的有机肥原料,为城市污泥的资源化利用提供新思路.