考虑期权采购的应急物资多种供应方式协调优化模型

突发事件的不确定性为灾后应急物资供应带来巨大挑战，而灾前政府难以控制相关应急物资的储备量及成本。实物储备、期权采购和市场化采购3种应急物资供应方式在灾前灾后应急物资保障具备各自的优势和弊端。仅靠单种物资供应方式难以权衡当前应急物资保障对经济性和时效性的要求，因此，需要将3种物资供应方式进行协调优化。对比3种供应方式在成本与效率方面的差异，利用期权采购弥补其他方式在成本和时效方面的不足，将3种物资采购方式协调整合。以政府和供应商双方签订期权契约为前提建立多种采购方式协调优化模型，通过优化算法求解模型。最后通过算例分析验证得出结论。研究结果表明:存在基于期权采购的多种采购方式并存的应急物资保障机制，可使应急物资供应的成本和效率得以权衡。     

An empirical analysis on the impact of environmental regulations on pork trade:evidence from China

This paper uses the gravity model to examine the effect of environmental regulations on pork trade flows between different regions within China.We apply a linear programming tool to estimate pork trade flows from 2000 to 2008,and discuss the environmental acts on livestock pollution and income level to proxy environmental regulations.We use OLS regression and panel data with dummy variable in the cross-sectional GLS estimation.Our results indicate that the gap of environmental regulations between trade partners has a positive relationship with pork trade flows,and the difference in environmental regulations changes the traditional comparative advantage pattern to some extent.This paper provides convincing evidence for the pollution haven effect on livestock in China.     

CFD simulations of dust dispersion in the 20 L vessel: Effect of nominal dust concentration

Measurements of flammability and explosion parameters for dust/air mixtures require uniform dispersion of the dust cloud inside the test vessel. In a previous work, we showed that, in the standard 20 L sphere, the dust injection system does not allow generation of a uniform cloud, but rather high gradients of dust concentration are established. In this work, we used a previously validated three-dimensional CFD model to simulate the dust dispersion inside the 20 L sphere at different dust nominal concentrations (and fixed dust diameter). Results of numerical simulations have shown that, as the dust nominal concentration is increased, sedimentation prevails and, thus, when ignition is provided, the dust is mainly concentrated at the vessel walls.     

Beyond the material grave: Life Cycle Impact Assessment of leaching from secondary materials in road and earth constructions

In industrialized countries, large amounts of mineral wastes are produced. They are re-used in various ways, particularly in road and earth constructions, substituting primary resources such as gravel. However, they may also contain pollutants, such as heavy metals, which may be leached to the groundwater. The toxic impacts of these emissions are so far often neglected within Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of products or waste treatment services and thus, potentially large environmental impacts are currently missed. This study aims at closing this gap by assessing the ecotoxic impacts of heavy metal leaching from industrial mineral wastes in road and earth constructions. The flows of metals such as Sb, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, V and Zn originating from three typical constructions to the environment are quantified, their fate in the environment is assessed and potential ecotoxic effects evaluated. For our reference country, Germany, the industrial wastes that are applied as Granular Secondary Construction Material (GSCM) carry more than 45,000 t of diverse heavy metals per year. Depending on the material quality and construction type applied, up to 150 t of heavy metals may leach to the environment within the first 100 years after construction. Heavy metal retardation in subsoil can potentially reduce the fate to groundwater by up to 100%. One major challenge of integrating leaching from constructions into macro-scale LCA frameworks is the high variability in micro-scale technical and geographical factors, such as material qualities, construction types and soil types. In our work, we consider a broad range of parameter values in the modeling of leaching and fate. This allows distinguishing between the impacts of various road constructions, as well as sites with different soil properties. The findings of this study promote the quantitative consideration of environmental impacts of long-term leaching in Life Cycle Assessment, complementing site-specific risk assessment, for the design of waste management strategies, particularly in the construction sector.     

Reduction of water usage in industry by using the MINLP coordinates technique

Natural resources are limited, so we need to handle them carefully. Wastewater also belongs as a significant natural resource. The re-usage of wastewater is to save fresh water and for the preparation of raw materials or/and utilities. The wastewater re-usage distribution can be optimised using mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), as a tool in combinations using the coordinates technique. The main goal of this MINLP coordinates technique was: i) wastewater and condensate, as produced during different industrial processes, could be collected for: utilities for steam-generation, and the preparations of raw materials; ii) wastewater and condensate could be collected within the main reservoir; iii) distributions from the main reservoir could be used with including different alternatives, which can reduce pollution, based on the re-usage of wastewater. Alternatives included in the optimization model represent potential solutions, which need to be evaluated on appropriate way.The MINLP coordinates technique for wastewater re-usage distribution was tested on existing formalin and methanol industrial processes, thus allowing the saving of water and generated by 280 kEUR/a profit.     

Setting conservation priorities for migratory networks under uncertainty

Conserving migratory species requires protecting connected habitat along the pathways they travel. Despite recent improvements in tracking animal movements, migratory connectivity remains poorly resolved at a population level for the vast majority of species, thus conservation prioritization is hampered. To address this data limitation, we developed a novel approach to spatial prioritization based on a model of potential connectivity derived from empirical data on species abundance and distance traveled between sites during migration. We applied the approach to migratory shorebirds of the East Asian‐Australasian Flyway. Conservation strategies that prioritized sites based on connectivity and abundance metrics together maintained larger populations of birds than strategies that prioritized sites based only on abundance metrics. The conservation value of a site therefore depended on both its capacity to support migratory animals and its position within the migratory pathway; the loss of crucial sites led to partial or total population collapse. We suggest that conservation approaches that prioritize sites supporting large populations of migrants should, where possible, also include data on the spatial arrangement of sites.     

水泥工业原料的开发利用

本文从综合利用资源的角度出发，介绍了利用部份低品位矿产生产水泥工业原料、水泥产品具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Effective Dispersal of Florida Scrub‐Jays

Abstract: Studies comparing dispersal in fragmented versus unfragmented landscapes show that habitat fragmentation alters the dispersal behavior of many species. We used two complementary approaches to explore Florida Scrub‐Jay (Aphelocoma c?rulescens) dispersal in relation to landscape fragmentation. First, we compared dispersal distances of color‐marked individuals in intensively monitored continuous and fragmented landscapes. Second, we estimated effective dispersal relative to the degree of fragmentation (as inferred from two landscape indexes: proportion of study site covered with Florida Scrub‐Jay habitat and mean distance to nearest habitat patch within each study site) by comparing genetic isolation‐by‐distance regressions among 13 study sites having a range of landscape structures. Among color‐banded individuals, dispersal distances were greater in fragmented versus continuous landscapes, a result consistent with other studies. Nevertheless, genetic analyses revealed that effective dispersal decreases as the proportion of habitat in the landscape decreases. These results suggest that although individual Florida Scrub‐Jays may disperse farther as fragmentation increases, those that do so are less successful as breeders than those that disperse short distances. Our study highlights the importance of combining observational data with genetic inferences when evaluating the complex biological and life‐history implications of dispersal.     

流动注射分析法测定底质中总磷的研究

在一定的温度下,用硫酸和高氯酸进行消解,使不溶性磷酸盐和有机磷转化为正磷酸盐进入溶液.酸性条件下,待测液在酒石酸锑钾的催化下,与钼酸铵反应生成磷钼酸化合物.该化合物与抗坏血酸反应生成蓝色络合物.该络合物在880 nm比色.实验结果表明,底质中的总磷的RSD＜ 2％,回收率91％～103％,精密度和准确度满足实验要求.因此,流动注射分析法适用于底质中总磷的监测.     

流动分析法测定空气和废气中氨的研究

建立流动分析法测定吸收液中氨的方法,用稀硫酸溶液吸收空气中的氨气,吸收液作为样品进入流动分析系统,采用在线蒸馏,实行自动分析,与国家标准方法比对,无明显差异,可用于空气中氨的定量检测。