Migration of saline solutions in variably saturated porous media

Migration of concentrated NaNO3 solutions in homogeneous packs of pre-wetted silica sands was investigated using a light transmission system. Solutions of 5 molal NaNO3 were found to migrate downward 24-62% faster than pure water, in an unstable, fingered manner. This behavior was attributed primarily to a surface tension induced, non-zero apparent contact angle between the imbibing and the resident fluids. For saline solutions of similar surface tension to that of pure water (achieved by the addition of 2% methanol), the migration rates and plume shapes were comparable to that of water, demonstrating that density was not the primary source of the observed differences in migration patterns. At depths where resident saturation increased above residual, the migration process appeared to occur via film flow with slight changes in saturation (<4%), rather than in a series of abrupt jumps, as observed at shallower depths. A method for contact angle scaling was used to illustrate the effects of non-zero contact angles on capillary pressure-saturation curves.     

Modeling of non-reactive solute transport in fractured clayey till during variable flow rate and time

Fractures and biopores can act as preferential flow paths in clay aquitards and may rapidly transmit contaminants into underlying aquifers. Reliable numerical models for assessment of groundwater contamination from such aquitards are needed for planning, regulatory and remediation purposes. In this investigation, high resolution preferential water-saturated flow and bromide transport data were used to evaluate the suitability of equivalent porous medium (EPM), dual porosity (DP) and discrete fracture/matrix diffusion (DFMD) numerical modeling approaches for assessment of flow and non-reactive solute transport in clayey till. The experimental data were obtained from four large undisturbed soil columns (taken from 1.5 to 3.5 m depth) in which biopores and channels along fractures controlled 96-99% of water-saturated flow. Simulating the transport data with the EPM effective porosity model (FRACTRAN in EPM mode) was not successful because calibrated effective porosity for the same column had to be varied up to 1 order of magnitude in order to simulate solute breakthrough for the applied flow rates between 11 and 49 mm/day. Attempts to simulate the same data with the DP models CXTFIT and MODFLOW/MT3D were also unsuccessful because fitted values for dispersion, mobile zone porosity, and mass transfer coefficient between mobile and immobile zones varied several orders of magnitude for the different flow rates, and because dispersion values were furthermore not physically realistic. Only the DFMD modeling approach (FRACTRAN in DFMD mode) was capable to simulate the observed changes in solute transport behavior during alternating flow rate without changing values of calibrated fracture spacing and fracture aperture to represent the macropores.     

基于客流结构的高铁经济辐射效应研究——以武汉市为例

立足对高铁经济辐射理论模式的认识,运用行为地理学的微观分析方法,以实地调查问卷为主要数据来源,以武汉市为案例,通过客流结构的系统解析透视高铁经济的辐射效应。研究表明:高铁经济的辐射效应与城市经济结构高度相关。在空间上,呈现出中心城区较强、外围城区较弱的总体态势,倾向于强化武昌、江汉和东湖高新区等核心地区的空间增长;在产业上,呈现以促进第三产业发展为主,有利于推动现代服务业和高新技术产业等主导部门的优化发展。研究结论能够为类似城市的高铁经济发展和武汉市的经济结构调整提供借鉴和启示。     

利用磷渣熔制饰面玻璃

介绍了用磷渣熔饰面玻璃的试验过程。对试验中出现的工艺问题进行了探讨,并讨论经济效益进行了初步分析。     

MANAGEMENT OF BASEFLOW AUGMENTATION: A REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: Baseflow augmentation refers to the temporary storage of subsurface water in floodplains, streambanks, and/or stream bottoms during the wet season, either by natural or artificial means, for later release during the dry season to increase the magnitude and permanence of low flows. Management strategies for baseflow augmentation fall into the following categories: (1) range management, (2) upland vegetation management, (3) riparian vegetation management, (4) upland runoff detention and retention, and (5) the use of instream structures. The benefits of a management strategy focused on baseflow augmentation are many, including: (1) increased summer flows, (2) healthier riparian areas, (3) increased channel and bank stability, (4) decreased erosion and sediment transport, (5) improved water quality, (6) enhanced fish and wildlife habitat, (7) lower stream temperatures, and (8) improved stream aesthetics. This review has shown that baseflow augmentation has been successfully accomplished in a few documented cases. Given its clear impact on soil and water conservation, particularly in the semiarid western U.S., it appears that baseflow augmentation is a concept whose time has come. Research is needed on how to successfully integrate baseflow augmentation within comprehensive resource management strategies.     

分段进水对改良A2/O-BAF双污泥系统反硝化除磷脱氮的影响

采用改良A²/O-BAF双污泥系统处理低C/N比生活污水,为提高碳源利用率,研究了两段进水（预缺氧段和缺氧段）对反硝化除磷脱氮的影响,同时根据COD的物料衡算公式,分析评价了不同进水比下,碳源的利用情况.结果表明当分段进水比为7：3时,平均进水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP浓度分别为174.99、58.19、59.10、5.15 mg·L^-1,出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP浓度分别为29.48、4.07、14.10、0.44 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为82.12%、92.76%、75.45%、91.20%;系统中反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例（DPAOs/PAOs）为98.81%,此时系统反硝化除磷脱氮最佳,同时碳源的有效利用率达85.77%,平衡百分比为92.33%.通过优化分段进水,碳源被有效利用,提高了同步脱氮除磷效率,为改良A²/O-BAF双污泥系统处理低C/N比污水提供理论依据.     

竖直弯管中含固体颗粒分散泡状流冲蚀预测

目的研究竖直弯管在含固体颗粒分散泡状流下的冲蚀规律,探究管内气液分布、颗粒分布及三维冲蚀形貌之间的关系。方法提出基于VOF模型和DPM模型的瞬态冲蚀数值计算方法,利用Oka等人提出的冲蚀模型及Grant和Tabakoff提出的颗粒-壁面碰撞模型计算管壁冲蚀速率。结果基于VOF和DPM模型的CFD冲蚀计算结果与经验模型及简化CFD模型的计算结果相比,更接近实验值。分散泡状流中,固体颗粒大部分分散在液相中,管道不同截面处的含液率与颗粒粒含量相关性较大,下游直管段和弯头处固体颗粒的粒含量大于上游直管段。含固体颗粒弯管在分散泡状流作用下,冲蚀区域较大,冲蚀最严重位置出现在弯头出口处附近。结论含砂分散泡状流冲蚀条件下,竖直弯管冲蚀形貌与管内气液固分布直接相关,多相流冲蚀瞬态仿真方法可较准确计算气液固分布并预测管道冲蚀。     

多因素下小尺度油罐火火焰倾角的研究

以柴油为研究对象,搭建了小尺度油罐火实验台,采用理论分析与实验研究相结合的方法,开展了有风条件下不同液位深度和罐顶开口宽度的小尺度油罐火火焰倾角的实验研究。结果表明,火焰倾角随风速的增加先迅速增加,然后趋于平稳。在相同的罐顶开口宽度和风速条件下,火焰倾角随着液位深度的增加呈现出减小的趋势。这是因为火焰微元在油罐开口处的速度随着液位深度的增加而增加,风速对火焰倾角的影响显著减小。当风速和液位深度一定时,质量损失速率随罐顶开口宽度的增大而增大,火焰倾角随着罐顶开口宽度的增大逐渐减小。     

四边形折流式膜生物流化床内填料浓度及液相流场特性研究

针对研究开发的四边形折流式膜生物流化床,构建了气、固、液三相流可视化平台,应用取样法和激光粒子图像测速(PIV)技术剖析了不同进水流量和曝气强度组合对流化床内的填料浓度及液相流场特性的影响.结果表明,折流板上部形成的曝气死区,提高了升流区的填料浓度;折流板和导流锥形成的进水角度使流场冲击反应器底部的填料,提高了在低曝气强度下流化床的填料浓度,在实际运行过程可降低曝气能耗;四边形折流式膜生物流化床的结构特点导致填料与膜组件相互碰撞的概率增大,强化了膜污染的控制.曝气强度和进水流量的变化改变了液相的轴向返混强度和剪切力,进而改变了填料浓度,使气、固、液三相冲刷膜组件的作用增大,最终影响膜面传质系数和浓差极化边界层厚度,降低了膜污染.通过流化床结构的改变提高填料浓度和改善流场特性,为高浓度有机废水好氧生物的处理提供了一个研究方向.     

PBT基推进剂热分解特性与慢烤行为关系研究

目的 研究PBT(3,3–二叠氮甲基氧丁环–四氢呋喃共聚醚)基推进剂慢速烤燃响应情况与热分解特性之间的关系。方法 采用差示量热扫描仪和慢速烤燃试验,研究推进剂在不同固含量(通过改变高氯酸铵含量来调整)和不同铝粉含量下的热分解温度变化情况,计算不同组分含量下推进剂的热分解动力学参数,对比分析PBT基推进剂固、铝粉含量变化对热分解特性及慢速烤燃行为影响。结果 固含量从78%下降至75%时,配方中AP(高氯酸铵)的高、低温热分解温度和热分解活化能均会下降。铝粉质量分数从18%下降至5%时,配方中AP的高、低温热分解温度和热分解活化能均会下降。当采用78%的固含量时,配方无法通过慢烤试验,而采用75%的固含量,铝粉质量分数为18%、5%时,均能通过慢烤试验。结论 根据热分析及慢烤试验结果可认为,固含量变化对慢烤响应程度变化有较大影响,Al粉含量变化对配方慢烤响应程度的影响较小。影响配方慢烤响应程度主要由AP高温分解控制,AP高温分解活化能越低,越有利于推进剂通过慢速烤燃测试。