抚仙湖沉积物有机碳埋藏特征及来源解析

为探讨近百年来抚仙湖不同湖区沉积物中有机碳埋藏及其来源变化特征,以抚仙湖南北部沉积柱为研究对象,分析有机碳埋藏速率时空变化特征,利用正构烷烃及其分布特征对埋藏在沉积物中的有机碳来源进行解析.结果显示,抚仙湖沉积物中有机碳含量为1.79~29.39mg/g,有机碳埋藏速率为3.07~27.71g/（m²·a）,两者均随时间的增加呈现整体上升的趋势,1980年以来增长速度明显加快;沉积物中有机碳含量北部（8.70mg/g）小于南部（12.59mg/g）,但有机碳埋藏速率北部（13.54g/（m²·a））大于南部（8.29g/（m²·a））,这与抚仙湖南北部有机质来源类型及人类活动的加剧造成的流域环境变化有关;抚仙湖沉积物中正构烷烃碳数范围为C₁₂~C₃₃,整体以高碳数组分为主,奇偶优势明显,表明沉积物中有机质主要来源于高等植物,Paq指示水生植物中以沉水植物占主导优势,2C₃₁/（C₂₇+C₂₉）与ACL_27~33指示陆生高等植物来源中,草本植物与木本植物的贡献相当,水生植物在北部湖区贡献大于南部,陆生高等植物在南部湖区的贡献大于北部.     

Petroleum Pollutant Degradation by Surface Water Microorganisms (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope It is well known that the composition of petroleum or some of its processing products changes in the environment mostly under the influence of microorganisms. A series of experiments was conducted in order to define the optimum conditions for an efficient biodegradation of petroleum pollutant, or bioremediation of different segments of the environment. The aim of these investigations was to show to what extent the hydrocarbons of a petroleum pollutant are degraded by microbial cultures which were isolated as dominant microorganisms from a surface water of a wastewater canal of an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant. Biodegradation experiments were conducted on one paraffinic, and one naphthenic type of petroleum during a three month period under aerobic conditions, varying the following parameters: Inorganic (Kp) or an organic medium (Bh) with or without exposition to light. Methods Microorganisms were analyzed in a surface water sample from a canal (Pančevo, Serbia), into which wastewater from an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant is released. The consortia of microorganisms were isolated from the water sample (most abundant species: Phormidium foveolarum - filamentous Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae and Achanthes minutissima, diatoms, algae). The simulation experiments of biodegradation were conducted with the biomass suspension and crude oils Sirakovo (Sir, paraffinic type) and Velebit (Ve, naphthenic type). After a three month period, organic substance was extracted by means of chloroform. In the extracts, the content of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and fatty acids was determined (the group composition). n-Alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, pristane and phytane, in the aliphatic fractions, were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Total isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes and polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types were analyzed by GC-MS. Results and discussion. Paraffinic type petroleums have a significant loss of saturated hydrocarbons. For naphthenic type petroleum, such a trend has not been observed. The most intensive degradation of n-alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes (in paraffinic oil) and isoprenoids (in naphthenic oil) was observed using the inorganic medium Kp in the light; the microbial conversion is somewhat lower with Kp in the dark; with organic medium Bh in the light the degradation is of low intensity; with the same medium in the dark the degradation is hardly to be seen. Steranes and triterpanes were not affected by microbial degradation under the conditions used in our experiments. Obviously, the petroleum biodegradation was restricted to the acyclic aliphatics (n-alkanes and isoprenoids). Conclusion Phormidium foveolarum (filamentous Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae) and Achanthes minutissima (diatoms, algae), microbial cultures isolated as dominant algae from a surface water in a wastewater canal of an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant, have degradable effects dominantly involving petroleum hydocarbons. Petroleum microbiological degradation is more intensive when inorganic medium (in the light) is applied. Having in mind that the inorganic pollutants have been released into the canal as well, this medium reflects more the natural environmental conditions. Polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane type, in spite of the fact that these compounds could be degraded, have remained unchanged regarding abundance and distribution. Since this is the case even for naphthenic type petroleum (which is depleted in n-alkanes), it can be concluded that the biodegradation of petroleum type pollutants, under natural conditions, will be restrained to the n-alkane and isoprenoid degradation. Recommendation and Outlook Performed experiments and simulations of petroleum microbiological degradation may serve for the prediction of the fate of petroleum type pollutants, as well as for definition of conditions for bioremediation of some environmental segments.     

抚仙湖悬浮颗粒物正构烷烃来源及季节特征

为了探究抚仙湖水体中有机质的正构烷烃来源和时空变化特征,对2016年4月~2017年3月抚仙湖水柱悬浮颗粒物中正构烷烃的分布特征、来源、季节变化特征及其与沉积物中正构烷烃的关系进行了研究.结果表明：抚仙湖水柱悬浮颗粒物中正构烷烃的碳数分布范围在C₁₇~C₃₃之间,呈现以优势峰C₂₇和C₂₉为主的单峰分布模式.在垂直梯度的空间分布上,正构烷烃在变温层和温跃层的浓度高于深水层,最大浓度出现在深20m水层,深层水体中正构烷烃浓度受沉积物再悬浮作用影响微弱;在季节变化上,正构烷烃含量存在明显的季节波动,在10月和4月呈现最高值;其中,中长链正构烷烃（C₂₅、C₂₇和C₂₉）丰度与浮游植物生物量季节变化趋势一致,证明浮游植物是抚仙湖水柱中正构烷烃的主要来源,水温是限制抚仙湖水柱中正构烷烃时空分布的关键因子.浮游植物、流域表土和沉水植物的共同输入是抚仙湖沉积物中正构烷烃C₂₉具有较高丰度的原因,沉积物中正构烷烃（C₃₁和C₂₃）来源相对单一,可以有效指示流域陆源植物和沉水植物输入.本文结果可多应用正构烷烃指标进行抚仙湖长序列钻孔古环境重建研究提供数据支持.     

青藏高原北部土壤正构烷烃氢同位素及物源意义

采用正构烷烃及其单体氢同位素组成特征相结合的方法研究了青藏高原北部多年冻土区表层土壤正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₃₃）的生物来源.研究表明：表层土壤中正构烷烃呈双峰型和三峰型的分布特征,表明其具有多个生物来源.长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）主要来源于陆源高等植物.表层土壤中长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）中奇碳数正构烷烃的δD值比偶碳数的整体偏轻,原因可能是两者的生物合成途径不同.对中等链长正构烷烃聚类分析后分为两种类型,类型I的中等链长正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₂₄）主要来源于陆源高等植物,类型Ⅱ的中等链长正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物降解的产物.表层土壤样品（FHS-10、TG2-10和TG3-10）中等链长的正构烷烃δD值最轻,应为δD值偏轻的水源和细菌等微生物降解共同作用的结果.     

稻草及其燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃的研究

利用气质联用仪测定了中国6种稻草及其明火和闷火燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃的含量.结果表明,稻草中正构烷烃的平均含量为73.0μg/g.碳数分布范围为C12~C37,呈以C29为主峰的单峰型分布.高碳数正构烷烃(>C23)具有明显的奇碳数优势,其平均碳优势指数是2.9.在明火焚烧和闷烧烟尘中正构烷烃的含量均值分别是 1633.1,5458.5μg/g.碳数分布范围为C14~C35,呈以C29或C31为主峰的单峰型分布.碳数在C27以上的正构烷烃具有明显的奇碳数优势,其平均碳优势指数分别是1.5和1.9.稻草烟尘中正构烷烃的组成与原秸秆存在显著的差别.     

浙江马鞍列岛海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃的分布与来源分析

采用气—质联用仪(GC-MS)对浙江马鞍列岛(特别是绿华岛及花鸟岛附近)海域八个站位表层沉积物样品中的正构烷烃进行检测,通过谱图和特征分析,对该区域沉表层积物中正构烷烃含量分布及来源等进行了分析。结果表明:研究区域表层沉积物的正构烷烃碳数分布范围多在C14～C34,八个站位样表层沉积物样品中正构烷烃含量(干重)分布在(0.9～9.4)×10-6范围,其含量在空间分布上并无太大的差异。通过对正构烷烃分布特征指数分析,发现陆源高等植物输入占主导优势,而且石油污染可能存在于各个站位。与世界上其他被污染的海岸及河流沉积物比较,目前浙江马鞍列岛附近海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃总量处于相对较低的水平。     

有机污染源标志物的探讨及其研究意义

在分析广州市饮用水源水及自来水厂沉淀地底泥、市售洗衣粉、洗洁精等样品中有机污染物的基础上,探讨正构烷烃、藿烷、多环芳烃、苯基长链正构烷烃、长链烷基酚等化合物的污染源指示作用,由此探索判别污染源的特征性污染物（污染物标志物）,从而探讨广州市饮用水源水的污染源,这将对于评价水体污染状况、控制污染源排放等具有重要的现实意义。     

Characteristics and source identification of fine particulate n-alkanes in Beijing, China

Ambient particulate n-alkanes were determined for fine particle (PM2:5) samples collected from Sep 2003 to July 2004 in Beijing, China. The average concentration of total n-alkanes (Pn-alkanes) from C11 to C34 was 425.72 ng/m3, ranged from 7.02 to 2893.28 ng/m3. The concentration distributions of n-alkanes homologues in this study exhibited peaks at C21 and C29 in heating season, and C29 in non-heating season. The average carbon preference index (CPI) value was 1.88 in the range of 1.18–3.88. The maximum CPI in summer indicated the contribution of biogenic origins such as plant wax; while the minimum CPI value in winter was probably a result of fossil fuel combustion. Preliminary estimation from these results showed that 59% of the n-alkanes in PM2:5 in Beijing summer originated from plant wax, while 74%–88% was from fossil fuel combustion in other three seasons. Source estimation was further performed using principal component analysis method. Two major components were yielded accounting for 57.3% and 30.9% of the total variance, which presented the fossil fuel and biogenic contribution, respectively.     

夏季长江口中颗粒态及溶解态正构烷烃组成和迁移

为阐释长江口颗粒态、溶解态正构烷烃的时空分布特征,并初步探讨其迁移循环机制.2001年7月在长江口分表、底层采集溶解态与颗粒态样品,采样区域的氯度跨度为0.028‰～16‰.样品经有机抽提和气相色谱定量分析,检测到表层溶解态、颗粒态正构烷烃总浓度分别为0.19～4.1μg·L-1和0.19～3.6μg·L-1;底层溶解态、颗粒态正构烷烃浓度分别为0.12～1.9μg·L-1和0.63～4.2μg·L-1.结果显示,长江口水体中正构烷烃碳数多分布在n-C15～n-C36间,正构烷烃碳数浓度分布呈高碳数优势、双峰型优势和低碳数优势3种关系.特征参数表明,长江口有机物呈显著的陆源有机质输入特征;且由长江口向外,陆源输入逐渐减弱.固-液分配系数Kd在不同站位和不同化合物间差异较大;同时Kd还存在颗粒物浓度效应.河口区颗粒态正构烷烃迁移的控制因素主要有潮周期的变化和沉积物再悬浮等.     

不同底物和环境条件对两株铜绿假单胞菌接触烷烃方式及降解活性的影响

考察了不同烷烃底物和温度、酸度、盐度等环境条件对两株铜绿假单胞菌接触烷烃方式和降解活性的影响.结果表明,微生物接触烷烃的两种方式——直接接触方式和乳化接触方式同时存在于菌体降解烷烃过程中且受底物和环境条件的影响.底物烷烃碳数的增加对菌株两种接触方式降解烷烃都有利,而盐度增加对它们都不利;高温、偏碱性环境以及延长降解时间有利于菌体以乳化方式降解烷烃;低温、中性溶液环境有利于菌体以直接接触方式降解烷烃.