微电解技术处理难降解工业废水的研究进展

介绍了铁碳微电解技术处理工业废水的作用机理。综述了铁碳微电解技术的研究进展。针对该技术在处理不同工业废水时普遍存在的堵塞、短路、死角、铁屑结块等问题,介绍了研发的新型纳米铁碳微电解复合材料及新工艺,并对铁碳微电解技术今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Prevention of surgical site infection under different ventilation systems in operating room environment

• The effectiveness of four different ventilation systems was compared in depth. • Airflow and bacteria-carrying particles concentration were quantitatively analyzed. • Vertical laminar airflow with high airflow rate could not achieve desired effect. • Temperature-controlled airflow ventilation could guarantee air cleanliness. Biological particles in the operating room (OR) air environment can cause surgical site infections (SSIs). Various ventilation systems have been employed in ORs to ensure an ultraclean environment. However, the effect of different ventilation systems on the control of bacteria-carrying particles (BCPs) released from the surgical staff during surgery is unclear. In this study, the performance of four different ventilation systems (vertical laminar airflow ventilation (VLAF), horizontal laminar airflow ventilation (HLAF), differential vertical airflow ventilation (DVAF), and temperature-controlled airflow ventilation (TAF)) used in an OR was evaluated and compared based on the spatial BCP concentration. The airflow field in the OR was solved by the Renormalization Group (RNG) k-e turbulence model, and the BCP phase was calculated by Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) and the discrete random walk (DRW) model. It was found that the TAF system was the most effective ventilation system among the four ventilation systems for ensuring air cleanliness in the operating area. This study also indicated that air cleanliness in the operating area depended not only on the airflow rate of the ventilation system but also on the airflow distribution, which was greatly affected by obstacles such as surgical lamps and surgical staff.     

鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用

研究了鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用.以铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、四尾栅藻(绿藻)和菱形藻(硅藻)为研究对象,鄱阳湖采集沉积物为悬浮颗粒物,利用500 m L玻璃锥形瓶作为小型、光照均一体系,于此体系中研究了颗粒物对藻类生长的影响,使用混凝试验搅拌仪分别研究了颗粒物粒径、浓度和体系p H对颗粒物絮凝沉降藻细胞的影响.在小型光照均一体系中,20 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物低浓度)和80 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物高浓度)颗粒物对3种藻类的生长影响均较小.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,60~300目颗粒物均促进藻类的絮凝沉降,并且随着颗粒物粒径(D50)的增大,藻细胞的絮凝沉降效率逐渐减小,而且粒径在1~25μm部分的颗粒在此过程中占主导地位.当颗粒物投加量由0.02 g·L-1升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率随之提高.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和菱形藻的絮凝沉降效率仅为11.08%、15.87%和7.50%,当颗粒物浓度升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率分别达42.33%、41.72%、28.98%.在p H值6~10范围内,随着p H升高,颗粒物对蓝藻、绿藻的絮凝沉降作用逐渐减小,絮凝沉降效率分别从p H为6时的36.10%、35.07%降到p H为10时的16.25%、12.59%;而对硅藻的絮凝沉降作用不明显.由此可见,鄱阳湖水体颗粒物影响藻类的絮凝沉降过程,使藻类的群落结构发生变化.     

春季沙尘过程对华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的影响

于2014年3—5月在国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站采集了PM2.5及PM2.5~10样品,利用离子色谱对其中的水溶性组分进行分析,并同步收集气象因子及污染物质量浓度数据,结合后向气流轨迹,分离出受沙尘影响的样品,探讨了春季沙尘过程华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性组分的特征.结果表明,春季武夷山背景点沙尘影响期间颗粒物质量浓度及各水溶性离子浓度均比非沙尘期高,在粗粒子中表现更为明显;沙尘期间NO-3在粗粒子中明显富集,NO-3浓度显著升高;受沙尘影响,粗粒子中阳离子与阴离子的当量浓度比及NO2的二次转化率均明显升高.     

春季南充城区PM_(10)污染水平及其水溶性离子特征研究

采用中流量颗粒物采样器采集了60个可吸入颗粒物(PM10)环境样品,并用离子色谱法(IC)对所采集样品中的8种水溶性离子组成特征进行了分析。结果显示,春季南充城区空气质量良好,PM10中8种水溶性离子浓度大小为SO2-4NO-3Ca2+Na+Cl-K+F-Mg2+。其中SO2-4、NO-3和Ca2+的平均质量浓度分别占总水溶性无机离子(TWSII)的62.4%、23.9%和4.7%。NO-3和SO2-4及Ca2+和Mg2+具有良好的相关关系,燃煤源对PM10的贡献大于机动车移动排放源的贡献;水溶性无机离子主要以NaCl、MgSO4和Mg(NO3)2的形式存在。     

模拟不同排放源排放颗粒及多环芳烃的粒径分布研究

采用再悬浮箱模拟得到不同粒径的烹调油烟、生物质和塑料燃烧烟尘、汽车尾气和发电机烟气等颗粒,并用GC/MS对不同粒径颗粒中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,烹调油烟中颗粒物存在0.44~1.0μm和2.5~10μm两个峰值,稻草和木材燃烧排放烟尘只有0.44~1.0μm一个峰值,塑料燃烧排放烟尘的峰值不明显,汽车尾气尘因含有大量的水汽导致其粒径峰值出现在2.5~10μm,而发电机排放的烟尘约93%集中在≤2.5μm的粒径范围.烹调油烟和汽车尾气尘中低环数PAHs在2.5~10μm范围内的峰值明显;随环数增加,0.44~1.0μm范围内的峰值变得明显;不同排放源亚微米颗粒中单一PAH占全部颗粒态中该PAH的比例都呈现随分子量的增大而增大的趋势.烹调油烟和燃烧排放颗粒中PAHs的组成以菲占主导,但汽车尾气和发电机烟尘中含量最高的PAHs分别是萘和苯并[g,h,i]苝.来源特征比值的比较显示,烹调油烟与生物质燃烧颗粒中PAHs的源特征较为接近,但两者都不同于汽车尾气和发电机烟尘.     

Levels and Trend of Suspended Particles around Large Lignite Power Stations

The results of a 16 year long sampling program in a heavily industrialized area of NW Greece are presented and analyzed. Fourlignite power stations are operated in this area, which account forabout 70% of the total electrical energy produced in Greece.Ambient concentrations of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) over much of the period 1983–1998 as well as of particles of less than10 m aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀) for three years were measured. Emphasis is given on the assessment of the levels of the daily average concentrations for the data period as well asthe determination of the spatial and temporal variation of suspended particle concentrations. Based on the data analysis, useful information is provided about air quality levels after taking into account air quality standards. The interannual concentrations trend is also investigated and an attempt is madeto examine the effectiveness of antipolluting procedures, which have occasionally been implemented in this industrial area. Finally the results are compared to those in the literature.     

影响人类健康的可呼吸性和可吸入颗粒物的研究近况

可呼吸性(粒径小于2.5μm)和可吸入颗粒物(粒径小于10μm)对人体健康的影响越来越引起人们的高度重视,该文将近几年来在可呼吸性和可吸入颗粒物对人类健康影响方面的研究予以评述。     

Anthropogenic Calcium Particles Observed in Beijing and Qingdao, China

Analysis of individual particles collected at Beijing in northern China revealed that particles abundant in calcium (Ca) always constituted a large fraction of mineral particles in the urban atmosphere. The particles were characterized by cubic morphologies. The major mineral element in the particles was Ca and few or no other mineral elements were detected. A large number of the particles were in the range of diameter <1 μm, where common natural mineral particles were rarely detected. The contribution of the Ca particles to the volume of total mineral particles greatly exceeded that of other mineral particles during non-dust-storm periods and was comparable to that during dust-storm periods. Reagent film tests showed that particulate sulfate and nitrate formation on the Ca particles was similar to that on common mineral particles. These results indicate that a large portion of Ca in the atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing was from anthropogenic sources rather than from natural sources, and the anthropogenic Ca particles acted as a significant medium for the formation of sulfate and nitrate. Similar particles were also detected at Qingdao, a coastal city in northern China. Data of a dust storm event showed that Ca-abundant particles from East China arrived there and moved out of the continent, similarly to Asian dust storm particles, suggesting possible contributions of anthropogenic Ca even in Asian dust storm samples in the downstream areas. Therefore, Ca may not be a good indicator of Asian dust from natural sources. However, the Ca particles, due to their unique shapes and elemental compositions, may provide an indicator for the atmospheric dispersion of anthropogenic particulate matters in East Asia.     

Some Rheological Properties of Latex from Parthenium argentatum Gray Compared with Latex from Hevea brasiliensis and Ficus elastica

Latex was purified from Parthenium argentatum Gray (guayule), Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. (the Brazilian or para rubber tree), and Ficus elastica Roxb. (the Indian rubber tree) in ammonium alginate at pH 10. The rheological properties of the different latices (rubber particle suspensions) were determined and compared using flow temperature ramps. Latex from all three species became more viscous with increasing rubber particle concentration and decreasing temperature. At any particular temperature and concentration, latex from F. elastica was by far the most viscous, whereas the H. brasiliensis latex was the least viscous. In addition, the tendency for the latex to coagulate increased with increasing temperature and increasing particle concentration. F. elastica latex was highly sensitive to temperature, H. brasiliensis latex was the least sensitive, and P. argentatum latex demonstrated intermediate properties. The underlying causes of these differences in latex rheology are not clear but may partially relate to the particle size (largest in F. elastica and smallest in H. brasiliensis), the particle size distribution, and/or to the considerable differences in the biochemical components of the monolayer biomembrane that surrounds the various rubber particles. Differences in the molecular weight of the rubber contained within the rubber particles seem less likely to play a role because the particles remain intact in this study.