Unignited High-Pressure Methane Jet Impinging a Pipe Rack: Practical Tools for Risk Assessment

Although the diffusion of its storage and transport under liquefied conditions, nowadays it is common to have methane in gaseous form in several industrial applications. This leads to safety implications to be considered: hazards are linked to both the high-pressure at which the gas is kept and to its flammability. Scenarios where flammable jets impact an obstacle are of paramount importance because of their possible occurrence. Following a numerical approach, literature shows up that their assessment can be reliably performed by means of only Computational Fluid Dynamics tools. However, despite the improvements of computing power, Computational Fluid Dynamics costs still limit its use in daily risk analysts’ activities. Therefore, considering an accidental jet-obstacle scenario of industrial interest, the present work investigates how a pipe rack can influence the development of a high-pressure methane jet. Based on a Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis, main achievements of this work are a simple criterion able to identify the situations where the pipe rack does not influence the high-pressure methane jet behavior, therefore allowing to identify the scenarios where simpler models can be used (i.e., analytical correlations known for the free jet situation), and, if present, a simple analytical relationship that roughly predicts the influence of the pipe rack without the need of performing complex Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations.     

废弃油基钻井液资源回收与无害化处置

废弃油基钻井液是钻井作业完成后产生的固体废物,因含有矿物油和柴油等,属于国家危险废物,成为制约油田清洁生产的一个技术难题.针对废弃油基钻井液的特点,经大量室内试验和多种处理方案的筛选,开发出了废弃油基钻井液资源回收与无害化处置技术.在废弃油基钻井液中加入收油剂,回收有用的油类.在收油后的剩余泥渣和产生的废水中分别加入无害化处理剂和絮凝剂,进行回用和无害化处理.油回收率可达90%以上,回收的油品质量达到《车用柴油》(GB/T 19147—2003)规定的-10#车用柴油技术要求;无害化处理后的泥渣浸出液中石油类,COD_Cr和重金属等污染物指标均低于《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)二级标准限值;处理后的废水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)要求.      

混凝过程中微絮体形貌的AFM液池成像观测与表征

采用扫描探针显微镜液池成像技术,对混凝过程中絮体的微观形貌进行了观测与表征.结果表明,原子力显微镜液池成像技术可以对混凝过程中的微絮体进行形貌表征和数字描述,并证实在实际印染工业尾水的微絮凝过滤试验处理过程中,微絮凝时间为2min,搅拌强度为100s-1时可以达到优化的处理效果.这也说明液池成像技术能够较好的反映混凝过程中微絮体的形貌变化特征,从而实现对环境微观界面过程的原位观测与表征.     

概率火灾安全分析方法研究

为分析和评估火灾对设备、建筑物等敏感目标结构安全的影响,结合化工定量风险评估方法和气体爆炸概率安全分析方法,提出概率火灾安全分析策略和实施流程。该方法包括火灾危害辨识、泄漏速率计算、火灾后果模拟、频率分析、绘制频率超越热载荷曲线、结构响应分析等关键步骤。以某柴油罐区为例,通过频率分析和火灾模拟,绘制出频率超越热载荷曲线,假定火灾风险可接受准则为10-4/a,求得对应的可信热载荷为21 kW/m2,并以此值作为结构热响应分析的输入参数。火灾概率安全分析方法侧重于描述火灾热辐射强度及其对应的发生可能性,判定敏感目标遭遇的可信火灾热载荷强度和结构热响应行为,评估消防减灾措施效果,确保结构完整性和可用性,不评价工艺系统潜在火灾风险的高低。     

反机场跑道润滑技术研究

反机场跑道润滑是一种新概念非致命性武器技术.本文以硬脂酸、甲基硅油及其他添加剂在常压下合成了一种新型硅油脂,并将其与几种常用润滑剂进行润滑摩擦系数的实验对比.通过摩擦学实验得到了0～72 h内其摩擦系数的变化曲线,并从分子结构角度对实验结果进行理论分析.结果表明,在对混凝土-橡胶轮胎摩擦副的润滑中,自制硅油脂可以使其摩擦系数保持在制动困难状态(μ≤0.35),并且可以维持较长时间(t≥72 h).综合各因素,它在机场跑道润滑过程中具有明显的优势,具有军事应用前景.     

Modelling of a downdraft gasifier fed by agricultural residues

A non-stoichiometric model for a downdraft gasifier was developed in order to simulate the overall gasification process. Mass and energy balances of the gasifier were calculated and the composition of produced syngas was predicted. The capacity of the modeled gasifier was assumed to be 0.5 MW, with an Equivalence Ratio (EQ) of 0.45. The model incorporates the chemical reactions and species involved, while it starts by selecting all species containing C, H, and O, or any other dominant elements. Olive wood, miscanthus and cardoon were tested in the formulated model for a temperature range of 800-1200 °C, in order to examine the syngas composition and the moisture impact on the supplied fuel. Model results were then used in order to design an olive wood gasification reactor.     

Amniotic fluid macrophages from normal and malformed fetuses

Amniotic fluid cells from normal and abnormal fetuses (neural tube defects and abdominal wall lesions) were examined uncultured and after short-term culture for macrophages. Morphology, adherence, phagocytosis, presence of Fc receptors and non-specific esterase were studied. The existence of macrophages in normal and abnormal fluids was confirmed, although the percentage and the absolute numbers varied greatly from specimen to specimen. The most marked increases in total macrophages were in cases of anencephaly. The significance of these macrophages and their value in prenatal diagnosis are discussed.     

Best management practices for airport deicing stormwater

With the advent of new regulations concerning aircraft deicing and management of spent aircraft deicing fluids (ADFs), many airports now face the dual challenges of simultaneously maintaining public safety and protecting the environment. This paper provides a theoretical assessment of the potential environmental impact of stormwater runoff and offers detailed current information on alternative deicing fluid application methods and materials, collection and treatment practices.     

油气开采钻井固体废物处理与利用研究现状

对比分析了我国部分地区油气开采钻井固体废物的污染特征,对普通钻井固体废物和含油钻井固体废物的无害化处理与资源化利用技术分别进行梳理和分析,主要包括固化处理技术、生物处理技术、不落地处理技术、资源化利用技术、萃取技术、热解析技术和组合处理技术等。结合当前存在的主要问题针对性地提出了4条对策建议:加强源头控制,减少钻井固体废物产生量;对钻井固体废物进行分质分级区别处理和利用;开发高效、低成本、低能耗的钻井固体废物处理技术,发展联合处理工艺;制定相关政策和标准,加强油气田污染治理的事中事后监管。