油藏分隔性的地球化学研究

油藏的分隔性和油层连通性研究为油气成评价的重要内容，当前，油藏描述技术已经成为研究油层连通性的重要手段，但常规的油藏描述只着眼于储层的非均质性，主要研究储层的空间分布规律及其对油层连通性的影响。油藏地球化学研究成果表明，砂层连通体不一定等同于流体选通体，因为油层内可能存在有机隔层，出现“低层连通，油层分隔”的现象，利用地球化学方法可以直接研究油藏内部流体的非均质性，有效地判断油藏的分隔性。本文介绍了应用地球化学方法研究油藏分隔性的理论依据和研究方法，并介绍了几个北海油田的研究实例。     

粤中长坑金银矿床的碳、氧、氢同位素研究

长坑金银矿床方解石的δ13C值为-3．23‰，方解石和石英的δ18O分别为8．64‰～18．61‰和9．60‰～13．0‰，其范围与其它卡林型金矿相似。结合大本（Ohmoto）模式的理论分析，认为成矿热液的总联同位素组成可大致取为-2‰～－17‰，即碳主要来自地层中的沉积碳酸盐，部分来自有机碳。推导出水岩交换过程中流体氢、氧同位素演化的一般性协变方程并进行了理论模拟，认为成矿流体以燕山晚期一第三纪的加热大气降水或建造水为主。     

Short communications prenatal detection of the autosomal recessive type of polycystic kidney disease by trehalase assay in amniotic fluid

We report relatively high trehalase activity in amniotic fluid of a fetus affected with the autosomal recessive type of polycystic kidney disease (type II), suggesting that prenatal detection of this condition could be done on this basis in conjunction with ultrasonography.     

Amniotic fluid calcium concentration in the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

Calcium concentrations were measured in supernatant amniotic fluid in order to establish whether they may be used as a marker for cystic fibrosis. No difference in values were found, whether the sample was derived from a normal pregnancy or from a pregnancy which resulted in a baby affected with cystic fibrosis.     

Fetal karyotype from cystic hygroma fluid

In cystic hygroma (CH) fetuses, hydrops fetalis and anamnios make it difficult or impossible to obtain amniotic fluid or cord blood for cytogenetic analysis. We report six cases of CH in which cytogenetic analysis was simply and successfully performed using nuchal fluid cells. The karyotypes were 47,XY, + 18,46,XY, 46,XX, and 45,X (n = 3).     

Microculture of fetal blood for prenatal cytogenetic studies from blood-stained amniotic fluid

An alternative method to the culture of amniotic fluid cells for prenatal diagnosis of chromosome disorders is proposed. Microculture of fetal blood can be used when fetal blood is drawn at amniocentesis through accidental puncture of the placenta. An easy discrimination of fetal red cells, a good response of fetal lymphocytes to PHA and the possibility of identification of the fetal karyotype from the maternal one are the technical bases of this method. This technique offers some undoubted advantages: a reduced need for repeating amniocentesis because of a lack of growth of AF cells due to massive contamination with red cells; a result may be obtained sooner. Thirty-seven cases out of 1092 amniocenteses were processed in this way (3·4 per cent). In two cases no mitoses were obtained but in the others the diagnosis was confirmed by the results of AF cell culture and/or by the outcome of pregnancy.     

Prenatal diagnosis of isovaleric acidaemia by enzyme and metabolite assay in the first and second trimesters

Isovaleric acidaemia (IVA) is caused by a deficiency of isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase. The diagnosis can be established biochemically by the demonstration of increased levels of isovalerylglycine (IVG) and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid in urine and by the deficiency of incorporation of radiolabel from [¹⁴C]isovaleric acid in macromolecules in cultured fibroblasts. This paper reports a consecutive series of 24 prenatal diagnoses in pregnancies at high risk, using both methods-metabolite and indirect enzyme assay. Affected fetuses were diagnosed in four pregnancies: three in the second trimester and one recent case in the first trimester. The latter represents the first reported case of a first-trimester diagnosis of IVA by direct analysis of chorionic villi. We also report the first demonstration of strongly accumulated IVG in the amniotic fluid in the 12th week of an affected pregnancy.     

Alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase activity in first-and early second-trimester amniotic fluid

Normal ranges of amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) are described for gestational weeks 11–14 using rocket gel immunoelectrophoresis for AFP quantitation and a monoclonal antibody (4F19) enzyme antigen immunoassay for AChE activity measurement. The normal ranges were established by the examination of 281 amniotic fluid samples from 281 normal pregnancies. AFP was found to increase from a median level of 14.0 MIU/1 at 11 weeks to a maximum at 13 weeks (median=18.0 MIU/l) (P<0.05), thereafter falling (not significant). No AChE test result exceeded 4.8 nkat/l. In addition, AFP and AChE values for three cases of fetal malformation, identified by the biochemical analyses of amniotic fluid, are given. These cases included two fetuses with a neural tube defect and one fetus with an abdominal wall defect. Amniocentesis was performed at 10, 11, and 14 weeks, respectively. The AFP and AChE values were all high.     

Prenatal diagnosis of citrullinemia: Elevated levels of citrulline in the amniotic fluid in the three affected pregnancies

In three pregnancies at risk for citrullinemia affected fetuses were predicted both by strongly increased levels of citrulline in the amniotic fluid and by the reduced incorporation of ¹⁴C-citrulline into TCA-precipitable material in cultured amniotic fluid cells. The prenatal diagnoses of affected fetuses were confirmed after termination of the pregnancies by direct and indirect assays of argininosuccinate synthetase in the fetal livers and fibroblasts respectively. Measurement of the citrulline concentration in amniotic fluid appears to be a valuable adjunct in the prenatal diagnosis of citrullinemia.