进水碳氮比对脱氮污泥羟胺氧化酶活性及N_2O产生的影响

在以A/O方式运行的SBR工艺中,研究了3种不同进水碳氮比下硝化与反硝化过程中污泥羟胺氧化酶(HAO)活性变化、N2O的产生/释放规律及两者之间的关联性.结果表明,当C/N=3.5与C/N=9.5时,HAO平均酶活性分别为(283.77±19.64),(348.87±17.94)U/g MLSS,而C/N=6.5条件下的平均酶活性仅为(246.45±23.30)U/g MLSS,总体上3个条件下缺氧阶段HAO活性均较好氧阶段高;反应过程中HAO的活性变化趋势基本与气态N_2O释放速率、溶解态N_2O及亚硝氮的浓度变化趋势成正相关,在C/N=9.5下好氧段HAO活性与后三者呈现完全一致的变化规律.N_2O主要产生于好氧阶段进行的硝化过程,尤其是羟胺氧化是N_2O产生的主要环节;碳源相对不充分的条件下(如C/N=3.5),缺氧段N_2O的释放与HAO活性关系密切;碳源相对较充分的条件下,缺氧段N_2O的产生与HAO酶活性无明显关联.推测可能是因为缺乏电子受体NO_2~-而导致HAO酶未参与反应;在N_2O产生较多的条件下,HAO活性相对也较高.     

铬改性分子筛催化降解三氯乙烯研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Cr Ox改性系列分子筛催化剂.采用XRD、H2-TPR和NH3-TPD等对所制催化剂进行分析表征,结果表明分子筛表面有铬氧化物存在,且改性的催化剂具有氧化还原性和酸性.在固定床连续反应器-气相色谱在线检测装置上考察了所制备催化剂对三氯乙烯的催化燃烧降解活性,反应空速为15000 h~(-1),氧气浓度为10%.结果表明,Cr改性氢型丝光分子筛(H-MOR)活性最优,反应温度为309℃时2.5%Cr/H-MOR对三氯乙烯转化率达90%;稳定性实验结果表明2.5%Cr/H-MOR稳定性良好,反应400 min后催化活性有轻微下降,回收后的催化剂采用TG和XRD表征,发现其上无积碳且结构无变化.     

污水处理厂N2O的释放特征和减排途径研究

温室气体N2O含量的增加对气候变化产生显著影响,针对污水处理行业N2O减排控制的发展趋势与需求,以典型污水生物处理工艺为对象,对N2O产生机理、释放特征和核算、影响因素进行了综述和分析.研究表明,污水处理厂N2O的释放主要来自生物脱氮过程的硝化阶段和反硝化阶段,不同污水处理厂的N2O释放因子和释放特征不同.DO、温度和C/N是影响N2O释放的主要因素,最后从污水处理厂工艺运行和水质调控角度提出了具有可操作性的N2O减排途径与方法.     

Exergy analysis of the transcritical N2O refrigeration cycle with a vortex tube

In this article, a comparative study is presented for the transcritical cycle with expansion valve (TCEV) and transcritical cycle with vortex tube (TCVT) mainly based on the second law of thermodynamics. Natural refrigerant nitrous oxide (N₂O) is used in both the cycles for analysis. The evaporator and gas cooler temperatures are varied from ?55°C to 5°C and 35°C to 60°C, respectively. The effects of various operating and design parameters on the optimum heat rejection pressure, coefficient of performance (COP), exergy loss (irreversibility), and the exergetic efficiency are studied. Exergy analysis of each component in TCEV and TCVT is performed to identify the amount and locations of irreversibility. It is observed that the use of the vortex tube in place of the expansion valve reduces the total exergy losses and increases the exergetic efficiency as well as COP. The exergetic efficiency and COP of the TCVT are on average 10–12% higher compared to TCEV for the considered operating conditions. The computed values of the exergetic efficiency for TCVT using refrigerant N₂O are the highest at an evaporator temperature of ?55°C, and the corresponding values of exergetic efficiency and exergy losses varies between 25.35% and 15.67% and between 74.65% and 84.33%, respectively. However, COP at the same evaporator temperature of ?55°C varies between 0.83 and 0.51. Furthermore, the optimum heat rejection pressure in TCVT is lower compared to that in TCEV. The results offer significant help for the optimum design and operating conditions of TCVT with refrigerant N₂O.     

氧化铝表面处理对吸附腐殖酸的影响

采用酸、碱和金属盐表面修饰处理,影响氧化铝表面结构和成份分布,以达到提高吸附性能的目的。研究表明,经酸处理和酸性条件下的钙镁修饰处理的氧化铝,其对腐殖酸的吸附能力比Al-500分别提高32.3％和23.8％。同时,就改性氧化铝去除腐殖酸的影响条件、动力学、热力学性能进行了讨论。     

Transesterification of Pistacia chinensis seed oil using a porous cellulose-based magnetic heterogeneous catalyst

In the present work, a novel cellulose-based porous heterogeneous solid acid catalyst encapsulation of ferriferous oxide (Fe₃O₄) and sulfonated graphene (GO-SO₃H) into cellulose to form composite porous microspheres catalyst (GO-SO₃H/CM@Fe₃O₄)was synthesized and evaluated for biodiesel production from Pistacia chinensis seed oil. The SEM, EDS and FTIR analysis revealed that the catalyst GO-SO₃H/CM@Fe₃O₄ owned stronger active sites and GO-SO₃H dispersed well in porous surface and inside of cellulose support. Under the optimum conditions, microwave-assisted transesterification process was carried out with the best catalyst amount, i.e. 5 wt% GO-SO₃H/CM@Fe₃O₄ (weight ratio of GO-SO₃H/cellulose), and conversion yield reached 94%. The prepared catalyst could be easily separated from reaction solution by extra magnetic field and reclaimed at least five runs.     

Decreased emission of nitrous oxide from delivery wards—case study in Sweden

The very potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O) is widely used as a mild anaesthetic for mothers in delivery work in Sweden. As a part of the Stockholm County Council environmental program it was decided in 2002 that the emissions should be drastically reduced. Different ways were theoretically evaluated, and catalytic splitting to nitrogen and oxygen gas (N₂ and O₂) was chosen for a demonstration installation. A Japanese commercial unit for treatment of mixed anaesthetic gases (Anesclean® from Showa Denko K.K.) was thoroughly modified and installed at the Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge in Stockholm in 2004. The destruction of N₂O was optimised and studied for 2 years. Data from both collection and destruction are given in the article. Of the collected N₂O more than 95% was split to N₂ and O₂ in the very stable system. The overall emission decrease was mainly dependent on the share that could be collected in the specific exhaustion system as compared to the normal room ventilation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) were used to evaluate the actual environmental value and economical cost for the process. Important factors are pointed out.     

日本氮氧化物的排放标准研究

日本20世纪60年代开始经济迅速发展,但同时也带来了严重的大气污染问题。文章简单介绍了日本大气污染物的分类,再次分别从固定源和流动源二个方面梳理了日本氮氧化物的排放标准,并概述了日本实施氮氧化物排放标准的成效。最后总结了日本氮氧化物排放标准的特点：排放标准是根据排放氮氧化物的设备或设施的不同来区分的,且时间上都体现了新源比旧源严格的思想;日本的排放标准非常详细具体;汽车尾气的污染问题是日本大城市的氮氧化物污染难以改善的重要原因。     

影响厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化耦合的因素

氨氮、氮氧化物对产甲烷菌有一定的抑制作用,但可以通过驯化去除毒性.亚硝酸盐在厌氧氨氧化菌作用下与氨发生厌氧氨氧化反应.虽然厌氧氨氧化菌是自养菌,但具有异养代谢能力,并且NO2可提高厌氧氨氧化菌的活性.因此,通过特殊的反应器技术,将厌氧氨氧化菌与甲烷菌、反硝化菌复合在一个有利的微生态环境中,充分发挥它们之间的协同耦合作用,把有机物转化为清洁能源又同时脱氮,是极有前景的废水厌氧(缺氧)处理研究新方向.表1参31     

应激大鼠脾脏内诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性变化及其意义

在捕食压力下,大鼠脾脏诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)明显表达,说明iNOS起到了重要的生理功能,然而,NOS的表达及在亚细胞水平的定位以及相应的差异变化等都很不明确,本试验采用捕食应激模型,利用免疫组织化学方法和生化测定,检测心理性应激对大鼠脾脏iNOS活性的影响及探讨这种影响与应激动物免疫力下降之间的关系.结果表明iNOS免疫阳性细胞表达部位集中于脾脏的红髓和边缘区,白髓中几乎没有.与对照组相比,在应激1~12d的过程中,应激组大鼠脾脏内iNOS的活性逐渐升高,至d12最为显著(P<0.01).但在后期应激13~30d,脾内iNOS的表达又逐渐减少.生化测定结果表明,NOS和NO的含量变化与iNOS的活性变化相似,在心理性应激早中期较高,至d12最为显著(P<0.01),而到中后期则逐渐降低.结果提示,iNOS活性程度与动物心理应激程度密切相关;应激过程中大鼠脾脏内由于iNOS的活性增加导致产生过量的NO,这可能与应激导致大鼠免疫力下降有关.图1表2参10