Comparison of land nitrogen budgets for European agriculture by various modeling approaches

A comparison of nitrogen (N) budgets for the year 2000 of agro-ecosystems is made for the EU 27 countries by four models with different complexity and data requirements, i.e. INTEGRATOR, IDEAg, MITERRA and IMAGE. The models estimate a comparable total N input in European agriculture, i.e. 23.3–25.7 Mton N yr⁻¹, but N uptake varies more, i.e. from 11.3 to 15.4 Mton N yr⁻¹ leading to total N surpluses varying from 10.4 to 13.2 Mton N yr⁻¹. The estimated overall variation at EU 27 is small for the emissions of ammonia (2.8–3.1 Mton N yr⁻¹) and nitrous oxide (0.33–0.43 Mton N yr⁻¹), but large for the sum of N leaching and runoff (2.7–6.3 Mton N yr⁻¹). Unlike the overall EU estimates, the difference in N output fluxes between models is large at regional scale. This is mainly determined by N inputs, differences being highest in areas with high livestock density.     

Effect of topography on nitrous oxide emissions from winter wheat fields in Central France

We assessed nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions at shoulder and foot-slope positions along three sloping sites (1.6–2.1%) to identify the factors controlling the spatial variations in emissions. The three sites received same amounts of total nitrogen (N) input at 170 kg N ha⁻¹. Results showed that landscape positions had a significant, but not consistent effect on N₂O fluxes with larger emission in the foot-slope at only one of the three sites. The effect of soil inorganic N (NH₄⁺ + NO₃⁻) contents on N₂O fluxes (r² = 0.55, p < 0.001) was influenced by water-filled pore space (WFPS). Soil N₂O fluxes were related to inorganic N at WFPS > 60% (r² = 0.81, p < 0.001), and NH₄⁺ contents at WFPS < 60% (r² = 0.40, p < 0.01), respectively. Differences in WFPS between shoulder and foot-slope correlated linearly with differences in N₂O fluxes (r² = 0.45, p < 0.001). We conclude that spatial variations in N₂O emission were regulated by the influence of hydrological processes on soil aeration intensity.     

连续流反应器污水硝化过程中的N_2O释放

污水生物脱氮硝化阶段是温室气体一氧化二氮（N2O）的重要释放源。采用连续流反应器在2种进水氨氮（NH4-N,低氮反应器60 mg/L和高氮反应器180 mg/L）浓度条件下驯化硝化菌,并研究了不同初始NH4-N浓度和不同初始亚硝酸盐（NO2-N）浓度条件下所驯化硝化菌释放N2O的特征。结果表明在反应器运行过程中2个反应器释放N2O较少,均小于去除NH4-N浓度的0.01%;N2O的释放均随着初始NH4-N浓度或初始NO2-N浓度的升高而增加;不同初始NH4-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在0.51%~1.40%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在0.29%~1.27%之间;不同初始NO2-N浓度条件下,低氮反应器驯化硝化菌的N2O释放率在1.38%~3.78%之间,高氮反应器驯化硝化菌在1.16-5.81%之间。     

交联壳聚糖/Cu_2O复合颗粒可见光催化脱色活性艳红

利用壳聚糖对金属离子的吸附和螯合作用,通过简单的液相沉淀-还原过程一步原位合成了交联壳聚糖/Cu2O复合粒子。X射线衍射(XRD)和红外(FT-IR)测试结果表明,壳聚糖与Cu2O纳米微粒能有效复合。以活性艳红X-3B溶液为模拟印染废水,采用Langmuir-Hinshelwood假一级方程模拟交联壳聚糖/Cu2O复合粒子光催化脱色反应的动力学行为,从动力学角度系统研究染料初始浓度、反应体系pH、催化剂用量和反应体系气氛等因素对复合粒子可见光催化脱色反应速率的影响。结果表明,当染料溶液浓度较低时,光催化过程可视为假一级反应。降低活性艳红X-3B初始浓度和pH,增加催化剂用量和反应体系的含O2量都可显著增加光解脱色反应速率常数。相同条件下,与纯Cu2O相比,交联壳聚糖/Cu2O复合粒子对X-3B呈现出更好的吸附性和更高的可见光催化活性。     

氧化铜晶体的制备及其光催化性能的表征

以硫酸铜为铜源,氢氧化钠为沉淀剂,乙醇-水溶液为分散体系,通过一步沉淀制备得到氧化铜晶体。并以紫外光照时间、pH值、亚甲基蓝浓度为基础,研究了氧化铜光催化剂对亚甲基蓝的催化活性。结果表明,紫外光照120min,pH值为9时亚甲基蓝降解率最高。     

废椰壳制备活性炭负载CuO处理活性艳红X-3B废水的工艺优化

为了综合利用废椰壳,进行了废椰壳制备活性炭并负载氧化铜处理活性艳红X-3B废水的研究。采用正交实验法,以COD和色度去除率为目标函数确定了活性炭的最佳制备工艺条件为：磷酸浓度65%（质量百分数）,m（磷酸）/m（椰壳）比3∶1,活化时间2.5 h,活化温度500℃。在该活性炭上负载氧化铜处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水,其COD和色度去除率分别为83.70%和99.72%。用扫描电镜（SEM）和X衍射仪（XRD）对裸活性炭和载铜活性炭样品表面形貌和结构进行了表征和分析。通过单因素实验法确定了废水处理的最佳工艺条件为：pH值5,曝气时间4 h和催化剂用量0.55 g,在此条件下,COD和色度去除率分别为86.70%和99.75%,相应的出水指标为75 mg/L和32稀释倍数。     

温度对哑硝化及氧化哑氮释放的影响

采用批次实验的方法探讨了3种不同温度（15℃,25℃,35℃）对亚硝化及其过程中温室气体氧化亚氮释放情况。结果表明,温度对亚硝化过程及氧化亚氮的释放有显著影响。在15～35℃范围内,随着温度的升高,氨氧化率和亚硝化积累率逐渐升高,N2O释放量也逐渐增大,35℃可以作为适宜的亚硝化温度,平均氨氧化率为50．9％,亚硝化积累率为55．6％,NO-2-N与Nrl4-N出水浓度比为1．1,氨氧化率,亚硝化积累率和出水中亚硝氮与氨氮浓度比较合适,从而可以为厌氧氨氧化工艺提供合适的进水,但在此温度下平均N2O释放量相对较高,为1．494la,g／gMLSS。     

改性活性氧化镁的除氟效能及机制

通过静态吸附实验,研究了改性活性氧化镁的除氟效能,通过比表面积、孔容、孔径和表面元素及化合物含量分析,初步探讨了改性机制。结果表明,改性后的活性氧化镁吸附行为更符合Langmuir等温线的拟合,即吸附为单分子层吸附,饱吸附容量为88.50 mg/g,吸附平衡常数为0.3681 L/mg,吸附速率可用拟二级动力学方程描述;改性活性氧化镁的吸附除氟效果基本不受溶液中共存的Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4和HCO-3的影响,但HPO2-4对改性活性氧化镁等除氟效果影响较大,尤其当其浓度大于100 mg/L时,显著降低改性活性氧化镁的吸附容量。温度升高改性活性氧化镁的吸附容量增大,在实际饮用水处理中p H基本不会影响除氟效果。改性活性氧化镁吸附除氟的最佳温度为30℃,最适p H为6~9.5。比表面积和孔容的增大可能是改性活性氧化镁吸附容量提高的主要原因之一。     

Application of an early warning indicator and CaO to maximize the time–space-yield of an completely mixed waste digester using rape seed oil as co-substrate

In order to increase the organic loading rate (OLR) and hereby the performance of biogas plants an early warning indicator (EWI-VFA/Ca) was applied in a laboratory-scale biogas digester to control process stability and to steer additive dosing. As soon as the EWI-VFA/Ca indicated the change from stable to instable process conditions, calcium oxide was charged as a countermeasure to raise the pH and to bind long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) by formation of aggregates. An interval of eight days between two increases of the OLR, which corresponded to 38% of the hydraulic residence time (HRT), was sufficient for process adaptation. An OLR increase by a factor of three within six weeks was successfully used for biogas production. The OLR was increased to 9.5 kg volatile solids (VS) m^?3 d^?1 with up to 87% of fat. The high loading rates affected neither the microbial community negatively nor the biogas production process. Despite the increase of the organic load to high rates, methane production yielded almost its optimum, amounting to 0.9 m³ (kg VS)^?1. Beneath several uncharacterized members of the phylum Firmicutes mostly belonging to the family Clostridiaceae, a Syntrophomonas-like organism was identified that is known to live in a syntrophic relationship to methanogenic archaea. Within the methanogenic group, microorganisms affiliated to Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium dominated the community.     

纳米α-MnO2催化臭氧氧化降解水中双酚A

采用水热法制备了纳米α-MnO₂催化剂,并通过XRD和SEM技术对催化剂的成分和形貌进行了表征。采用纳米α-MnO₂催化剂催化臭氧氧化降解水中的双酚A（BPA）,考察了初始溶液pH、催化剂加入量和反应温度对BPA去除率的影响。实验结果表明,纳米α-MnO₂催化剂催化臭氧氧化降解BPA的最佳工艺条件为：催化剂加入量100 mg/L,初始溶液pH 8.5,反应温度18 ℃。在此最佳条件下处理质量浓度为10 μg/mL的BPA溶液120 min,BPA去除率为96.4%。回收洗涤后第二次使用的催化剂的BPA去除率为80.5%,第三次使用的催化剂的BPA去除率为74.1%,催化剂的活性随重复使用次数的增加而缓慢降低,活性较稳定。