Parameters affecting the stability of the digestate from a two-stage anaerobic process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

This paper focused on the factors affecting the respiration rate of the digestate taken from a continuous anaerobic two-stage process treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). The process involved a hydrolytic reactor (HR) that produced a leachate fed to a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR). It was found that a volatile solids (VS) removal in the range 40-75% and an operating temperature in the HR between 21 and 35 °C resulted in digestates with similar respiration rates, with all digestates requiring 17 days of aeration before satisfying the British Standard Institution stability threshold of 16 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ day⁻¹. Sanitization of the digestate at 65 °C for 7 days allowed a mature digestate to be obtained. At 4 g VS L⁻¹ d⁻¹ and Solid Retention Times (SRT) greater than 70 days, all the digestates emitted CO₂ at a rate lower than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹ after 3 days of aeration, while at SRT lower than 20 days all the digestates displayed a respiration rate greater than 25 mg CO₂ g VS⁻¹ d⁻¹. The compliance criteria for Class I digestate set by the European Commission (EC) and British Standard Institution (BSI) could not be met because of nickel and chromium contamination, which was probably due to attrition of the stainless steel stirrer in the HR.     

TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜对亚甲基蓝的吸附研究

摘要以自制的TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜作为吸附剂,以亚甲基蓝为目标污染物,研究了亚甲基蓝初始浓度、温度、TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜投加量、pH等对TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜吸附去除亚甲基蓝的影响,并研究了TiO2/活性炭复合纳米纤维膜的Zeta电位、接触角、光催化再生性能.结果表明:(1)静态吸附时,随着亚...     

反渗透膜法海水淡化技术在大连石化公司的应用

大连石化公司采用反渗透膜法海水淡化工艺为生产装置提供淡水资源,其用水取自炼化装置冷却换热后的海水,不额外增加海水的取用量,降低了成本。装置采用常规预处理加三级反渗透膜分离技术,同时配备了能量回收装置,将反渗透高压"浓水"的能量转换到低压的原海水中,使得能耗大大降低。文章介绍了该工艺的流程及其技术特点,该装置节能、节水,其产品水质量达到甚至超过了中压锅炉补给水的要求。工程运行稳定,对沿海同类企业有借鉴意义。     

MBR复合工艺膜污染及其清洗特征

采用“A＋（A／O）n＋MBR”复合工艺,在次临界通量条件下,考察了膜污染发展及清洗特性。试验发现,膜污染随运行时间的变化呈现出阶段性上升的特征,即经过初期缓慢发展和中期较快发展后,出现了膜污染的急剧增加。电镜及能谱分析表明,膜面污染物主要包括沉积于膜面的大量污泥絮体、附着于膜面的致密凝胶层和一些由Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子形成的堵塞和吸附于膜孔的无机垢粒。膜清洗及阻力表明,自来水冲洗可使泥饼层大部分脱落,泥饼层对膜污染阻力贡献最大,达到60.71％;NaClO清洗对凝胶层的去除效果显著,有机污染对膜污染阻力为31.44％;HCl清洗去除的无机垢粒对膜污染贡献率仅为7.85％。     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果,采用A/O和A2/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水,通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况,寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A2/O工艺系统对酚、NH3-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%;A/O工艺系统对酚、NH3-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A2/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH3-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统,其反硝化率为50%-70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著,A2/O工艺膜通量衰减59%,A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中,A2/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

两室中性膜电解过程中铁离子的沉积特性研究

以亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠溶液模拟钠碱烟气脱硫吸收富液,应用二室中性膜电解装置,对铁离子在阴极板的沉积现象与沉积规律进行研究,确定了沉积物组成成分与铁离子沉积机理,明确了铁离子沉积与膜电解操作参数间的相互关系,结果表明阴极板沉积物中的铁离子主要为硫化亚铁,铁离子沉积量随膜电解电压和硫碱比r增大而明显增大;此外,膜电解过程中随着铁离子沉积于膜表面和阴极板表面的沉积量增加,阴极室压降由于阴极板结垢而降低,膜阻由于模孔堵塞而增大。     

膜萃取邻甲酚废水的传质特性研究

构造了卷绕式及管束式两种膜组件,采用均质硅橡胶膜,以氢氧化钠溶液为萃取液来萃取邻甲酚废水.通过考察邻甲酚初始浓度、两相流动状态、两相压差(△P)和温度等因素对传质过程的影响,研究了邻甲酚废水的膜萃取过程与机制.结果表明,初始质量浓度为21.93 g/L的邻甲酚废水很适合直接进行膜萃取;当△P<0.07 MPa时,总传质系数(Kov)随△P的增大而略有减小.当△P>0.07 MPa时,Kov随△P增大而显著增大,由实验数据拟合得到总的膜萃取传质模型.且该模型的实验值与理论值的相对误差在5%以内,满足工业设计要求.     

Predicting bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated soils by passive sampling with triolein embedded cellulose acetate membranes

Triolein embedded cellulose acetate membrane (TECAM) was used for passive sampling of the fraction of naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in 18 field-contaminated soils. The sampling process of PAHs by TECAM fitted well with a first-order kinetics model and PAHs reached 95% of equilibrium in TECAM within 20 h. Concentrations of PAHs in TECAM (C_TECAM) correlated well with the concentrations in soils (r² = 0.693-0.962, p < 0.001). Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs determined in the soil solution were very close to the values estimated by C_TECAM and the partition coefficient between TECAM and water (K_TECAM-w). After lipid normalization nearly 1:1 relationships were observed between PAH concentrations in TECAMs and earthworms exposed to the soils (r² = 0.591-0.824, n = 18, p < 0.01). These results suggest that TECAM can be a useful tool to predict bioavailability of PAHs in field-contaminated soils.     

膜吸收法处理高浓度甲醛废气资源化技术研究

采用疏水性中空纤维膜接触器,以NaHSO₃为吸收液处理高浓度甲醛废气。研究了吸收液流量、吸收液温度、吸收液浓度、气体进口流量和气体进口浓度等因素对甲醛去除率和总传质系数的影响。结果表明,当吸收液流量为4.17×10^-6m³/s,吸收液温度为60℃,甲醛进气流量为3.7×10^-6m³/s,甲醛进气浓度为566 mg/m³时,甲醛出气浓度可低至2.8 mg/m³,甲醛的去除率可达99.5%,总传质系数为4.46×10^-5m/s。反应产物（ɑ-羟基磺酸钠）易分离,并可作为重要的有机合成原料或用于制备高纯甲醛而得到充分利用,NaHSO₃溶液经适当稀释后仍可作为吸收液循环使用。表明膜吸收法可基本实现高浓度甲醛废气处理的资源化。     

生物制剂对MBR中无纺布膜组件过滤性能的影响

研究了生物制剂对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)中聚丙烯无纺布(non-wov-en fabric,NWF)膜组件过滤性能的影响。结果表明,能减少膜组件表面附着污泥胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub-stances,EPS)的含量及污泥的沉积,减缓膜通量的衰减速率和膜污染,无纺布膜组件的过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性。生物制剂能改善污泥的沉降性能,有效防止污泥膨胀;对MBR的COD去除率基本没有影响,但略微增大了处理水的浊度。