空气中有机氯农药在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布

采用 DFJ-1型五段分级采样装置,对呼和浩特市冬夏两季空气中不同粒径(分别为≥7.0μ m,7.0-3.3μm,3.3-2.0μm,2.0-1.1μm,≤1.1μm)颗粒物上有机氯农药的残留量进行分析.测定结果表明:在空气颗粒物分级样品中,均检出有机氯农药(HCH-666 和p,p'-DDE)残留量;空气颗粒物中HCH-666冬季均值为0.502ng·m -3,夏季为1.070ng·m-3,而p,p'-DDE在冬季为0.0 85ng·m-3,夏季为0.108ng·m-3;呼和浩特市空气中有机氯农药残留量夏季均高于冬季,不同粒径空气颗粒物中有机氯农药的分布规律为:冬季主要富集在细小颗粒 (≤1.1μm)上,在30.6%-70.5%之间,在夏季有机氯农药的残留分散吸附在五个不同粒径级上.     

石家庄市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子污染特征研究

用超声萃取－离子色谱法分析了石家庄市大气颗粒物中8种水溶性无机离子。结果表明,NO3－、SO2－4、NH4＋及 Ca2＋为主要组分;各个离子的质量浓度均有季节及空间变化差异;不同粒径颗粒物中 SO2－4和 NO3－相关性均很好,NH4＋与 SO2－4、NO3－在细颗粒物中具有良好的相关性,Ca2＋在粗粒子中与 NO3－和 SO2－4的相关性也较好。SO2－4／NO3－质量比季节变化表明,春、夏季固定源与流动源对大气颗粒物贡献相当,秋季流动源贡献较大,冬季固定源贡献较大。PM2．5中SO2与SO2－4、NO2与 NO3－转化率表明,SO2－4、NO3－主要是由二次转化而来。     

杭州市环境空气中二噁英类物质检测与分析

为了解二噁英类物质(PCDD/Fs)在环境空气中污染现状及不同季节不同时段浓度、组成和存在形式等的变化情况,于夏、冬两季对杭州西湖区空气中PCDD/Fs进行了采样分析。结果表明,空气中PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度与国内其他城市(北京、上海、广州)相近,夏、冬两季空气中PCDD/Fs质量浓度和毒性当量浓度分别为4.92 pg/m3、0.34 I-TEQ pg/m3和4.51 pg/m3、0.40 I-TEQ pg/m3,夏季PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度略低于冬季;在分时段采样检测结果中,晚间空气中PCDD/Fs质量浓度和毒性当量浓度均高于白天空气中的PCDD/Fs浓度;夏季样品中TCDD/Fs、PeCDD/Fs主要以气相的形式存在,HpCDD/Fs、OCDD/F主要以颗粒相的形式存在,冬季样品中PCDD/Fs主要以颗粒相形式存在。     

充电式交流磁粉探伤仪的应用研究

本研究把锂电池的直流电转换为交流方波电来驱动磁探仪工作,这样得到一种全新的充电式磁粉探伤仪,它不需要外部接电、电磁转换效率高、可以连续工作、输出为交流磁场或交叉磁场、灵敏度高、安全可靠.它解决了现有磁粉探伤仪需要搭接长长的电缆、存在漏电危险、发热严重、不能连续工作等缺点.本研究将给磁粉探伤领域带来革命性的发展,并促进新...     

构造煤分层对煤单轴压缩力学特性影响的颗粒流模拟

为了研究构造煤分层对煤的力学特性影响程度,采用颗粒流数值模拟方法研究不同赋存参数的构造煤分层对煤的单轴压缩力学特性的影响规律,从受荷后的裂纹分布和试样破坏形式2个方面分析试样压缩过程中细观力学响应机制。研究结果表明:构造煤分层厚度和倾角是影响煤的单轴压缩力学特性的重要参数,其中倾角主要影响内部裂纹的类型和分布,构造煤厚度主要影响煤的单轴抗压强度;单轴压缩下煤的破坏类型主要包括沿交界面的层裂破坏、拉伸破坏和复合破坏3种类型,构造煤分层倾角较小时,更容易由于构造煤挤出效应导致的失去承载能力,随倾角增大,挤出效应减弱,单轴抗压强度有增大趋势。     

Effect of pressure for dust dispersion on minimum ignition temperature

The existing technical standards for determining the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of dust clouds are inadequate. According to existing technical standards, this study expands the test pressure conditions. The MIT of dust clouds can be determined by a variety of different dispersion pressures, that is, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1 MPa. But, whether the MIT of dust clouds tested under different dispersion pressures is consistent is lacking in the corresponding exploration. In this study, a set of measurement system of instantaneous concentration and particle size was established, which can observe the flow of dust clouds and the distribution of the instantaneous particle size and concentration of dust clouds in the heating furnace tube. On this basis, the MIT of dust clouds is determined, and the physical mechanism of dispersion pressure affecting the MIT of dust clouds is revealed. The results show that the MIT of dust clouds is consistent when the dispersion pressure in the range of 0.02–0.06 MPa. When the dispersion pressure is not in this range, the MIT of the dust clouds is very different due to the obvious increase of the instantaneous particle size of the dust clouds.     

紧密型栅栏对风沙流影响的实验研究

开展了紧密型栅栏阻沙的野外观测实验,探讨栅栏对风沙流粒度组成及输沙量的影响。结果表明:受栅栏影响风沙流中大粒径沙粒含量降低,小颗粒含量增加;沙粒越过栅栏继续随气流运动的能力与其粒径相关,以0.1mm~0.075mm粒径穿越能力最强,随着粒径的增大或减小这种能力逐渐减弱;粒径1mm的沙粒则很难通过栅栏;沙粒沉积主要发生在在栅栏前端,以粒径0.1mm沙粒为主,占沉积沙土总量的80%强。     

空气和土壤中酞酸酯的污染及其相关性分析

对天津市11个采样点的空气颗粒物和土壤样品进行采样调查,采用气相色谱/质谱联用仪分析样品中15种酞酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的含量。结果表明,11个采样点空气颗粒物样品中总酞酸酯类化合物(TPAEs)以体积计质量浓度为90.87～1355.70ng/m3,以质量计质量浓度为783.84～8712.37mg/kg;土壤中TPAEs质量浓度为0.53～2.53mg/kg。邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)与邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是空气颗粒物和土壤样品中的主要污染物。土壤与空气颗粒物中TPAEs和DBP存在相关关系,Pearson相关系数分别为0.825和0.864(双尾检验,显著性水平0.01),且空气颗粒物中各种PAEs浓度为土壤PAEs浓度的数百至数万倍,说明空气沉降可能是土壤PAEs污染的主要原因之一。     

污泥好氧堆肥预处理混合破碎机实验研究

针对污泥高温好氧堆肥技术对粒径和含水率的要求,研制开发出了污泥混合破碎机。该破碎机采用螺旋式布置弯刀,实现污泥和辅料(包括熟料和平菇渣)的混合、破碎和输送三重功能,并能连续作业。实验表明:通过调节污泥与辅料的混合比,可以满足堆肥所需的混合料粒径(20 mm)和含水率(60%左右)要求;采用V熟:V平=1∶1作辅料,破碎机污泥处理量小于7 t/h时,满足粒径和含水率要求所需的污泥/辅料体积比R为1∶(2.5~3.5);分别采用平菇渣和熟料作辅料,结果表明,与污泥混合后都可以满足堆肥要求;平菇渣起到膨松作用,需要的量相对少。     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.