Bi-TiO2纳米管阵列电极对水中硝酸盐的去除

为研究电化学技术对硝酸盐氮的去除作用,本实验以TiO₂纳米管（TiO₂-NT）为基体,利用电沉积法制备了Bi-TiO₂纳米管阵列电极（Bi-TNA）.同时,采用X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对电极涂层表面形貌和晶体结构进行表征,并分析了电流密度、pH、初始浓度对硝态氮去除、亚硝态氮和氨氮转换、总氮去除及氮气选择性的影响.最后分析了Bi-TNA电极对硝态氮去除的动力学模型.结果表明,在单因素水平下,最佳操作条件为：硝态氮浓度为50 mg·L^-1,电流密度为30 mA·cm^-2,pH值为8.5.Bi-TNA电极对硝态氮的还原过程都遵循一级反应动力学.     

硝酸根电化学还原去除过程阴极电位振荡研究

硝酸根在电化学还原去除过程中存在多价态变化行为,该过程是一个典型的远离平衡态的非线性体系.为探明硝酸根在去除过程中发生的电化学行为,研究了H₂SO₄浓度、电流、反应温度及NO₃^-浓度对阴极电位振荡的影响规律.采用循环伏安法、XRD、SEM-EDS及XPS表征方法,分析了反应体系循环伏安特性,以及反应前后阴极Cu表面的物相组成、微观形貌、表面电子价态等变化规律.研究结果表明,在恒流条件下(Pt作为阳极、Cu作为阴极),H₂SO₄-NaNO₃体系发生了明显的电位振荡;当H₂SO₄浓度为0.10mol/L,电流为12mA,温度为20℃,NaNO₃浓度为0.20mol/L最佳电位振荡条件下,振荡平均振幅为1.15V,振荡平均周期为3s.另外,硝酸根在电化学还原去除过程产生的周期性电位振荡主要原因是阴极Cu表面生成的致密CuO薄膜不断溶解和形成,以及阴极表面H₂的周期性产生与消失.     

Electrocatalytic reduction of ortho nitrobenzaldehyde using modified aluminum electrode and its determination

A simple, cost effective and rapid electrochemical method has been developed for the determination of micro level ortho nitrobenzaldehyde（ONB） based on outstanding properties of modified aluminum electrode tin nanorods/anodic aluminum oxide/aluminum（SnNR/AAO/Al） for the first time. The SnNR/AAO/Al electrode was fabricated by a second step anodization, followed by electrodeposition and its electrochemical behavior was investigated in detail. The cyclic voltammetry results indicated that the SnNR/AAO/Al electrode exhibited efficient electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of ONB in the acidic solution. It provides an appreciable improvement of reduction peak for ONB at-0.721 V.Furthermore, various kinetic parameters such as transfer electron number, transfer proton number and standard heterogeneous rate constant were calculated from the scan rates.The electrocatalytic behavior was further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for the ONB determination by differential pulse voltammetry. Under the optimized conditions, the concentration range and detection limit are 0.1-100 μmol/L and 0.05 μmol/L, respectively,for ONB. The analytical performance of this modified sensor has been evaluated for detection of real sample such as river water and recovery of ONB was achieved all-out up to102.3% under standard addition method.     

Removal of estrogens by electrochemical oxidation process

Treatments of estrogens such as Estrone(E1), Estradiol(E2) and Ethinylestradiol(EE2) were conducted using an electrolytic reactor equipped with multi-packed granular glassy carbon electrodes.Experimental results showed that E1, E2 and EE2 were oxidized in the range of 0.45–0.85 V and were removed through electro-polymerization. Observed data from continuous experiments were in good agreement with calculated results by a mathematical model constructed based on mass transfer limitation. In continuous treatment of trace estrogens(1 μg/L), 98% of E1, E2 and EE2 were stably removed. At high loading rate(100 μg/L), removal efficiency of E1 was kept around 74%–88% for21 days, but removal efficiency reduced due to passivation of electrodes. However, removal efficiency was recovered after electrochemical regeneration of electrodes in presence of ozone. Electric energy consumption was observed in the range of 1–2 Wh/m3. From these results, we concluded that the present electrochemical process would be an alternative removal of estrogens.     

碳纳米管修饰电极电催化还原去除废水中的氯霉素

为发展废水中抗生素的处理技术、保护水环境质量,采用表面活性剂辅助分散碳纳米管,制备碳纳米管修饰电极,研究了修饰电极对氯霉素的电催化还原能力和动力学特征,初步探讨了氯霉素的还原去除机制.结果表明,双十六烷基磷酸(DHP)可以有效分散碳纳米管,通过优化碳纳米管和DHP的配比、分散液修饰量,制备的碳纳米管修饰电极还原2 mg·L~(-1)氯霉素24 h时的去除率达到97.21%;电催化还原氯霉素的动力学过程符合一级反应动力学模型,去除速率常数为0.157 4 h~(-1),半衰期为4.40 h.采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析法(LC-MS/MS)鉴定了氯霉素的还原产物,分析了氯霉素还原的可能途径,电催化不仅还原了氯霉素中的硝基,还可以进一步还原羰基和脱氯,显著降低氯霉素的毒性.     

丁二酮肟-氯仿体系萃取分离铂、钯

采用研究相对较少的螯合萃取剂——丁二酮肟-氯仿萃取体系螯合萃取分离Pt(Ⅳ)、Pd(Ⅱ),用NaOH反萃,对丁二酮肟-氯仿体系萃取铂、钯的性能进行了研究.实验考察了萃取的反应温度、混相时间、反应剂用量、相比、酸度、氢氧化钠浓度以及干扰离子对钯的萃取率及反萃率的影响.在反应温度为70℃、pH=1、相比V(O)/V(A)=1∶1、混相时间为5min的最佳萃取条件下,进行含铂、钯废催化剂浸出液的分离,系数为βPd/P1=12629,其它共存离子Fe(Ⅲ)、Al(Ⅲ)、Mg(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)的萃取率小于1%.     

电絮凝法去除合并净化槽出水中的磷

对于下水道未普及地区合并净化槽去除氮化合物是有效的,但除磷效果并不理想。为了找出合并净化槽出水深度处理技术,研究采用电化学絮凝法处理合并净化槽出水,实验测定了电流密度、极板间距、通电时间以及电极材料等主要参数对合并净化槽出水中磷的去除率的影响,并确定了采用铝板为电极材料时的最佳除磷条件。结果表明:电流密度、极板间距和通电时间三个作用参数均能影响除磷效果,对合并净化槽出水中磷的去除率最高可以达到100%。在实验范围内,得到以铝板为极板去除合并净化槽出水中磷的最优操作条件为:极板间距2cm,电流密度4mA/cm2,通电时间10min左右。并且根据反应动力学实验证明了电絮凝除磷反应为一级反应,其反应速率常数k=0.2103。因此,电絮凝法能够有效地去除合并净化槽出水中的磷,并且具有实际的推广应用价值。     

Recovery and reuse of floc sludge for high-performance capacitors

• The feasibility of facile fabrication of capacitor from floc sludge is discussed. • The porous carbon composites are obtained by acidification and KOH activation. • The as-prepared 3D structure has large surface area and optimal pore size. • Admirable specific capacitance and outstanding cycling stability are obtained. In this paper, floc sludge was transformed into porous carbon matrix composites by acidification and KOH activation at high temperature and used as an electrode material for application in capacitors. The effects of different treatment processes on the electrochemical properties of sludge materials were compared. The results of electrochemical tests showed that the sludge electrode exhibited excellent energy storage performance after HNO₃ acidification and KOH activation with a mass ratio of 3:1 (KOH/C). The specific capacitance of the sludge electrode reached 287 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. In addition, the sludge electrode material showed excellent cycle stability (specific capacity retained at 93.4% after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g). Based on XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and BET surface analysis, the morphology of sludge electrode materials can be effectively regulated by chemical pretreatment. The best-performing material showed a 3D porous morphology with a large specific surface area (2588 m²/g) and optimal pore size distribution, improving ion channels and charge conductivity. According to the life cycle assessment of floc sludge utilization, it reduced the resource consumption and toxicity risk by more than 90% compared with ordinary sludge disposal processes. This work provided a cost-effective and eco-friendly sludge reuse method and demonstrated the application potential of sludge-based materials in high-performance supercapacitors.     

农业生物质废弃物转化功能材料的研究进展

农业生物质废弃物的数量正在迅速增加,导致许多环境和治理问题. 因此,将农业生物质废弃物回收利用并增值应用越来越受到关注. 近些年农业生物质废弃物利用和衍生功能材料的研究进展主要包括以下两个方面：①提取天然聚合物并增值应用;②直接制备新型碳基材料,包括吸附、催化、储能电极和复合功能材料等. 农业生物质废弃物转化功能材料已逐步实现且应用范围广泛;未来的研究需要评估农业生物质废弃物衍生产品的质量和安全性,并开发高度可行且具有成本效益的生物质废弃物转化方法,以期实现规模化工业生产.     

有机磷农药对不同生物来源的胆碱酯酶选择性抑制的研究

用酶电极法研究了有机磷农药对３种不同生物来源的乙酰胆碱酯酶的选择性抑制,发现敌敌畏对家蝇的ＡｃｈＥ抑制最强,电鳐次之,鸡肝阳弱,同时研究了５种农药对电鳐ＡｃｈＥ的选择性抑制能力,发现９．８×１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的辛硫磷即可抑制其活性的１０％。