纳米镍/铁和铜/铁双金属对四氯乙烯脱氯研究

以实验室合成的纳米双金属颗粒(Ni/Fe和Cu/Fe)为反应材料,对四氯乙烯(PCE)进行脱氯试验研究.纳米金属颗粒(直径范围在1～100nm)比表面积比微米级铁颗粒高数十倍.结果表明,纳米Ni/Fe和Cu/Fe对四氯乙烯有明显的脱氯作用,且脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程;在作为还原剂的铁表面镀上一薄层起催化作用的金属Ni或Cu,催化剂的存在大大降低脱氯反应活化能,提高了脱氯速率,并减少氯代副产物的产量.与零价铁及微米级双金属系统(Ni/Fe,Cu/Fe)相比,纳米颗粒对PCE的脱氯速率有明显提高,尤其是纳米Ni/Fe,标准化反应速率常数KSA为4.283 mL·m-2·h-1,分别比零价铁和微米级Ni/Fe系统快33.23倍和11.59倍.纳米Cu/Fe标准化反应速率常数KSA为1.194 mL·m-2·h-1,分别比零价铁和微米级Cu/Fe双金属系统快9.26倍和5.24倍.在相同条件下,纳米Ni/Fe脱氯速率常数KSA是纳米Cu/Fe的3.59倍.     

铁屑去除酸法地浸采铀地下水中硝酸盐的试验研究

在酸法地浸采铀过程中,硝酸及硝酸盐的广泛使用使硝酸盐在地下不断累积并扩散到地下水中,这给矿区地下水造成了一定程度的污染.本试验以铁屑为还原剂,对该地下水中NO3--N的去除进行了批试验和动态试验研究.试验结果表明,铁屑可有效去除地下水中的NO3--N,其去除率随pH值的降低而逐渐升高;溶液中共存的Ca2 、Mg2 对NO3--N的去除影响不大,而SO42-、HCO3-的存在可明显降低NO3--N去除率;铁屑最佳投加量为120 g/L,铁炭最佳体积比为1∶1;二级柱可以明显提高柱子的稳定运行时间,在55 h内NO3--N去除率可保持在93%以上,去除效果较好.     

玻璃弹簧负载镶嵌纳米粒子TiO2膜光催化降解活性深蓝K-R

以玻璃弹簧负载镶嵌纳米粒子的TiO2膜降解活性深蓝K-R模拟废水,考察了pH值和温度对脱色率的影响以及CODCr去除率与脱色率之间的关系,并用XRD和SEM对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,pH值和温度对脱色率均有显著影响,CODCr去除率与脱色率的比值约为70%左右;XRD表明,TiO2矿相主要为锐钛型,SEM表明,镶嵌TiO2粒子均匀,粒径约50nm.     

河口近岸水体中颗粒态重金属的潮周期变化

对长江口崇明东滩近岸水体中颗粒态重金属的潮周期变化特征及其影响机制进行了研究.结果表明,受粒度影响,底层水体中颗粒态Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Al的总量分别高出表层沉积物的184%、99%、56%、62%、147%、50%和45%,其中Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Al可还原态部分在底层水体悬浮颗粒物中的含量也明显高出表层沉积物的2～3倍,但与重金属总量相比,上述元素的可还原态部分所占比例与表层沉积物相差不大.在5次潮汐循环过程中,颗粒态重金属均在涨潮初期、高平潮前后及落潮末期出现较高含量.这种变化主要与水动力条件有关,当水体流速增大时,从底部沉积物再悬浮起来的颗粒态重金属对水体中的永久性悬浮颗粒起了很大的稀释效应.水体中的盐度、DO及pH等环境因子对潮周期内颗粒态重金属的变化影响不大.     

固定源稀释通道的设计和外场测试研究

为研究固定源产生的颗粒物的污染情况,自行设计了固定源稀释通道采样装置以便模拟颗粒物在大气中的稀释扩散过程.该装置采用不同尺寸的采样嘴,以保证对烟道内的颗粒物等速采样,采样烟气与洁净空气在稀释腔内混合,腔内雷诺数典型值可以达到10000,保证了采样烟气和洁净空气能够稀释混合均匀.颗粒物在停留室中的停留时间达到90s,保证了颗粒物有足够的时间长大成核.将该装置应用于国内的9个燃煤、燃油固定源,取得了颗粒物的质量浓度、OC、EC组成、排放因子等数据.     

纳米级铁粉脱氯降解四氯化碳

四氯化碳的生产和使用,给人类带来了较大危害.为此,采用纳米铁粉这一新方法对其进行脱氯处理.试验以纳米级铁粉对四氯化碳的脱氯率为考察指标,选用L25(56)正交试验方案,考察了降解介质的初始pH值、纳米铁粉的质量、降解温度、摇床转速和脱氯时间5个影响因素.结果表明,pH值这一因素有极显著影响;在得出的纳米铁粉对四氯化碳脱氯的最佳工艺条件下,获得了99.5%的脱氯率,为有机氯化物脱氯开辟了一条新途径.     

A novel, simple and sensitive resonance scattering spectral method for the determination of chlorite in water by means of rhodamine B

A new resonance scattering method was proposed for the determination of chlorite, basing on the resonance scattering effect of rhodamine dye. In HCl-sodium acetate buffer solution, chlorite oxidizes 1- into 12 and the reaction of 12 and excess 1- results in If. It is respectively combined with rhodaminc dyes, including rhodamine B （RhB）, butyl rhodamine B （b-RhB）, rhodamine G （RhG） and rhodamine S （RhS）, to form association complex particles, which exhibit stronger resonance scattering （RS） effect at 400 nm. The chlorite concentration of ClO2 in the range of 0.00726-0.218 μg/ml, 0.0102-0.292 μg/ml, 0.00726-0.145 μg/ml and 0.0290- 0.174 μg/ml is respectively linear to the RS intensity of association complex particle systems at 400 nm for the RhB, b-RhB, RhG and RhS. The detection limits of the four systems were respectively 0.00436, 0.00652, 0.00580 and 0.01450μg/ml ClO2^-. In the four systems, the RhB system possesses good stability and high sensitivity. It has been applied to the analysis of chlorite in wastewater with satisfactory results.     

树脂固载纳米铁对偶氮染料直接湖蓝5B的脱色性能研究

以FeSO4和NaBH4水溶液为前驱溶剂,以聚苯乙烯型阳离子交换树脂为载体,制备了树脂固载的纳米铁,室温下用于对偶氮染料直接湖蓝5B水溶液进行脱色研究。研究结果发现,脱色反应遵循准一级反应动力学,在初始pH为3~10的范围内,反应进行14 m in时,50 mg/L的染料溶液脱色率均能达到83%以上。固载的纳米铁材料可多次重复利用,溶液中释放的铁离子浓度不超过0.1 mg/L。     

Potential effects of particulate matter from combustion during services on human health and on works of art in medieval churches in Cyprus

Indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM_0.3-10) number concentrations were established in two medieval churches in Cyprus. In both churches incense was burnt occasionally during Mass. The highest indoor PM_0.5-1 concentrations compared with outdoors (10.7 times higher) were observed in the church that burning of candles indoors was allowed. Peak indoor black carbon concentration was 6.8 μg m⁻³ in the instances that incense was burning and 13.4 μg m⁻³ in the instances that the candles were burning (outdoor levels ranged between 0.6 and 1.3 μg m⁻³). From the water soluble inorganic components determined in PM₁₀, calcium prevailed in all samples indoors or outdoors, whilst high potassium concentration indoors were a clear marker of combustion. Indoor sources of PM were clearly identified and their emission strengths were estimated via modeling of the results. Indoor estimated PM_0.3-10 mass concentrations exceeded air quality standards for human health protection and for the preservation of works of art.     

Appraisal of measurement methods, chemical composition and sources of fine atmospheric particles over six different areas of Northern Belgium

Daily and seasonal variation in the total elemental, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content and mass of PM_2.5 were studied at industrial, urban, suburban and agricultural/rural areas. Continuous (optical Dustscan, standard tapered element oscillating micro-balance (TEOM), TEOM with filter dynamics measurement system), semi-continuous (Partisol filter-sampling) and non-continuous (Dekati-impactor sampling and gravimetry) methods of PM_2.5 mass monitoring were critically evaluated. The average elemental fraction accounted for 2-6% of the PM_2.5 mass measured by gravimetry. Metals, like K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb were strongly inter-correlated, also frequently with non-metallic elements (P, S, Cl and/or Br) and EC/OC. A high OC/EC ratio (2-9) was generally observed. The total carbon content of PM_2.5 ranged between 3 and 77% (averages: 12-32%), peaking near industrial/heavy trafficked sites. Principal component analysis identified heavy oil burning, ferrous/non-ferrous industry and vehicular emissions as the main sources of metal pollution.