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341.
超声波辅助壳聚糖/零价纳米铁降解酸性品红 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
用液相还原法制备的壳聚糖/零价纳米铁处理废水中染料——酸性品红,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)等不同表征手段对颗粒物进行晶体结构、形貌与尺寸表征分析.结果发现,壳聚糖可与纳米铁形成稳定的包裹体,从而降低了纳米铁的团聚性并提高了纳米铁的反应性能及抗氧化性.在超声波辅助下,发现壳聚糖稳定纳米铁粒子对酸性品红有降解作用,置于空气中65 d后壳聚糖稳定纳米铁仍具有反应活性.在25℃、壳聚糖稳定纳米铁投加量0.4 g·L-1、溶液pH =4.96、酸性品红初始浓度100 mg·L-1的条件下,反应20 min内对酸性品红的脱色率超过99%,其降解过程符合表观一级反应动力学规律,反应的活化能为55.34kJ·mol-1,说明降解过程是化学控制过程. 相似文献
342.
343.
对2017年9月至2018年8月、12月采集的乌鲁木齐市PM2.5、“沙雪”样品和克拉玛依土样的水溶性离子进行分析,并结合城市主要风向、扫描电镜联能谱(SEM/EDS)和后向轨迹模型(HYSPLIT),对环境中盐尘粒子的来源及其对大气颗粒物形成的影响进行了研究.结果表明:PM2.5中总水溶性离子平均浓度为(62.65±64.75)μg/m3,变化范围为0.69~328.60 μg/m3.其中SO42、Ca2+、Na+、Cl-、K+和Mg2+ 6种盐尘粒子浓度分别为(22.73±26.45),(2.11±3.11),(1.85±1.43),(0.40±0.40),(0.28±0.20),(0.21±0.15)μg/m3.四季风向结合HYSPLIT模型结果可知,PM2.5中盐尘粒子主要来源于艾比湖及玛纳斯盐湖的气团;受风沙影响,乌鲁木齐市雪样中Cl-、SO42-、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+分别增加了30,19,20,5,7和5倍. 相似文献
344.
为了研究磁性纤维对钢铁行业细颗粒物的控制效果,基于计算流体力学-离散相模型(CFD-DPM)对高梯度磁场中含尘气流方向与背景磁场方向夹角(偏转角)分别为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°时磁性单纤维捕集Fe基细颗粒进行数值模拟.分别研究高梯度磁场作用下颗粒粒径、入口风速、磁场强度对颗粒运动轨迹和捕集效率的影响.结果表明:高梯度磁场中偏转角影响磁性纤维捕集区域的位置,当角度为0°时,在纤维正对含尘气流方向区域形成颗粒捕集区,背风侧形成较大空腔;当角度为90°时,在沿气流方向纤维两侧形成面积相等的捕集区域.偏转角对小颗粒捕集效率的影响较小,当角度为0°时,对于0.5μm的颗粒捕集效率为4.1%,当角度为90°时捕集效率为3.9%.随着粒径的增大,捕集效率的增长速率先减小后增大,对于不同粒径的颗粒,当角度为0°时捕集效率最高.当风速在0.02~0.04m/s范围时,随着角度从0°增加到90°,捕集效率先降低,在45°附近达到最小值,然后升高.磁场强度的增加有利于提高捕集效率,但不同角度时的增长速率有所不同.当偏转角为0°和60°时,背景磁场强度为0.1~0.3T范围时增长速率明显大于0.3~0.9T范围内,而当偏转角为30°和90°时,背景磁场强度为0.1~0.5T范围时增长速率高于0.5~0.9T时的增长速率. 相似文献
345.
利用双通道在线气体和气溶胶分析仪(MARGA)在深圳冬季同时观测了PM2.5和PM10中水溶性无机离子及气态前体物浓度变化,以探究气态硝酸(HNO3)和颗粒态硝酸盐(pNO3-)的气粒分配特征.结果表明,气态硝酸和颗粒态硝酸盐总和TNO3(TNO3=HNO3+pNO3-)中,气态HNO3、细颗粒NO3-和粗颗粒NO3-三个部分的占比分别为9.6%、56.8%和33.6%.TNO3浓度日变化呈现双峰特征,上午峰值来自于细颗粒态NO3-增加,由交通早高峰排放NOx转化生成所致;白天光化学反应使TNO3的3个部分浓度均增加,TNO3在下午17:00达到全天峰值.相关分析表明,低温有利于NO3-以NH4NO3存在于细颗粒态;TNO3浓度较高时,细颗粒态NO3-占比亦升高. 相似文献
346.
为弄清颗粒污染物在慢性阻塞性肺病工人呼吸道内运动和沉积规律,采用数值方法讨论了2类阻塞性呼吸道内气固流动特性,分析了阻塞率(α)、阻塞位置、劳动强度等因数对流场分布、颗粒沉积形式和沉积率的影响.结果表明,α越大,病人局部缺氧越严重,当α=0.8时,相对缺氧率可达90%以上;劳动强度越强或受阻塞位置越深,病人发生哮喘的可能性愈高.呼吸道变形不会改变颗粒的沉积机制,但对其沉积形式有显著影响.α增大,劳动强度增强,粒径变大,均会导致颗粒沉积分布不对称性提高,且下呼吸道粒子沉积分布对称性更好.此外,呼吸道变形使总沉降率(ηt)减小,且α越大,ηt越小.发现对于低劳动强度,下呼吸道或者dp>5μm的大颗粒,α对ηt影响要更为显著. 相似文献
347.
Surface-active organic molecules (surfactants) may influence the ability of an aerosol particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei by reducing its surface tension. One source of organic mass in aerosol particles, which may also contain surfactants, is bubble bursting on the sea surface. In order to directly compare these molecules in the ocean and aerosol particles, we developed a method using multiple solid phase extractions and high resolution mass spectrometry to characterize surface active organic molecules in both. This method has extraction efficiencies greater than 85%, 75%, and 60% for anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant standards, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of three ionic classes of surface active organics in atmospheric aerosol particles and estuarine water from Skidaway Island, GA. With this extraction method, organic molecules from both estuarine water and atmospheric aerosol particles significantly reduced surface tension of pure water (surface tension depression of ~ 18 mN/m) and had high ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and low ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C), indicative of surfactants. While previous work has observed a larger fraction of anionic surface active organics in seawater and marine aerosol particles, here we show cationic surface active organics may make up a large fraction of the total surface active molecules in estuarine water (43%–47%). 相似文献
348.
Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 104 particles/cm3. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C8 aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 104 particles/cm3 during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants. 相似文献
349.
Hezhong Tian Lining Luo Xiaoxuan Bai Shuhan Liu Bobo Wu Wei Liu Yunqian Lv Zhihui Guo Shumin Lin Shuang Zhao Yan Hao Jiming Hao Kai Zhang Aihua Zheng 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(11):187-198
Particulate matter (i.e., PM1.0 and PM2.5), considered as the key atmospheric pollutants, exerts negative effects on visibility, global climate, and human health by associated chemical compositions. However, our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013–2017. Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing. Here, we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018–2019. Results indicate that annual mean PM1.0 and PM2.5 concentrations were 35.49 ± 18.61 µg/m3 and 66.58 ± 60.17 µg/m3, showing a positive response to emission controls. The contribution of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes. Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM1.0 and PM2.5 in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1–2.5 µm. Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter, respectively. Results from positive matrix factorization (PMF) combined with potential source contribution function (PSCF) models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent, secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing. Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing, which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries. 相似文献
350.
Jiachen ZHANG Lin WANG Jianmin CHEN Shengmao FENG Jiandong SHEN Li JIAO 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2011,5(3):342-347
In this study, hygroscopicity of size-segregated ambient submicron particles in urban Hangzhou was studied from 28th December 2009 to 18th January 2010, using a hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA). The submicron particles in Hangzhou showed a minor hygroscopic growth at 73% relative humidity (RH), and then grew significantly between 77% and 82% RH. Monomodal distribution accounted for 90% for 30 nm particles, 17% for 50 nm particles, and less than 7% for particles larger than 50 nm at 82% RH. Deconvolution of the bimodal distribution indicated a less hygroscopic group and a more hygroscopic group, with the fraction of the more hygroscopic group increasing with the initial dry particle size and then remaining almost constant for accumulation mode particles. Our results imply that submicron particles in urban Hangzhou were almost entirely externally mixed, and the hygroscopic properties of ambient particles in urban Hangzhou were mainly a function of their size and chemical composition. 相似文献