隧道大气细颗粒物及其元素的粒径分布特征

对比研究了隧道和大气环境中不同粒径细颗粒物 (切割粒径分别为0.03,0.06,0.108,0.17,0.26,0.40,0.65,1.0,1.6和2.5 μm) 中S,K,Ca,Ti,Mn,Fe,Zn,Pb,Al,Si,Cu和V等12种痕量元素的浓度. 结果表明:隧道中不同粒径细颗粒物的数浓度和质量浓度在上下班高峰时段出现明显峰值,且隧道细颗粒物在0.108 μm粒径处的数浓度和在2.5 μm粒径处的质量浓度分别是大气环境对照值的15.2和40.0倍;在隧道传输过程中质量浓度增加的痕量元素有 Si,Ca,Fe,Al,Ti,Zn,Mn,Cu和V,减小的有S,Pb,Zn和K;地壳元素(Si,Ca,Fe,Al和Ti)的质量浓度总和占隧道细颗粒物中痕量元素质量浓度总和的87%,表明土壤扬尘仍是隧道大气细颗粒物的主要来源.      

海藻酸钠固定化Fe-Cu双金属去除Cr(Ⅵ)的作用机制

通过运用海藻酸钠(SA)固定化Fe-Cu双金属(SAB)来克服Fe0-PRB利用率低、易板结、堵塞的缺陷.结果表明,SA和Fe-Cu双金属的运用能极大地提高Fe0的利用率,SA的运用可以使Fe-Cu双金属以较低的镀铜量获得较高的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率,SAB镀铜0.9%(SAB0.9)为最佳的填料.FEI电镜扫描结果表明,SA跟2价金属阳离子Ca2+交联形成孔隙结构,为双金属的附着提供了大量的吸附点位,增大了金属颗粒的比表面积;场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)及X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,Cu负载于Fe0表面,呈疏松层状结构,在Fe0与Cr(Ⅵ)反应中起催化剂作用,通过自身化合态变化传递Fe0失去的电子,从而提高了Fe0的利用率.渗透系数实验结果表明,SAB0.9能控制Fe0与Cr(Ⅵ)反应产物的释放,缓解Fe0-PRB易板结、堵塞的缺陷.     

Fume emissions during gas metal arc welding

The control of exposure to welding fumes is of increasing importance in promoting a healthy, safe and productive work environment. This article describes the effects of shielding gas composition on the amount and composition of welding fumes produced during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The amount of fumes generated during welding was measured for steady current over a range of wire-feed speeds and arc voltages using the standard procedures contained in ANSI/AWS F1.2 [American Welding Society. ANSI/AWS F1.2. Laboratory method for measuring fume generation rates and total fume emission of welding and allied processes. Miami, Florida; 1992]. Results of these measurements show that the fume formation rates (FFRs) increase with CO₂ and O₂ in the shielding gas mixture. The lowest FFRs were obtained with the mixtures of Ar?+?2%CO₂ and Ar?+?3%CO₂?+?1%O₂. The highest FFRs were obtained with the mixtures of Ar?+?18%CO₂ and Ar?+?5%CO₂?+?4%O₂. The welding fumes contains mainly iron, manganese, silicon, titanium and sodium under oxide forms. The fume cluster particles have dimensions between 0.5 and 2?µm. The FFR was found to be governed by the transfer modes of molten metal, i.e. the current intensity and arc voltage, as well as by the shielding gas mixtures composition. Thus these parameters have to be taken into consideration before designing a welding process. Whenever possible, users of GMAW should use the lowest current intensity. However, when this is not possible, due to the constraints of process productivity, welders should use higher currents, but with Ar?+?2%CO₂ and Ar?+?3%CO₂?+?1%O₂ shielding mixtures, which will lead to smaller fume emissions.     

Metal Interactions in carcinogenesis†

Mixed exposures to a number of metallic compounds may give rise to a carcinogenic response in humans.

An interaction between occupational exposure to arsenic and cigarette smoking has been documented epidemiologically. A multiplicative effect was indicated concerning the occurrence of lung cancer when both of the exposures were present. Several experimental studies have been reported in the literature concerning interactions between benzo(a)pyrene and Fe₂O₃ as well as some other metallic compounds like Ni₃S₂, PbO, MgO and TiO₂ in relation to respiratory carcinogenicity. There is also limited evidence of a positive interaction between arsenic trioxide and benzo(a)pyrene. Particles containing V and Ni were obtained from the flue gases of power plants burning heavy fuel oil. Such particles were not carcinogenic themselves but enhanced the carcinogenicity of benzo(a)pyrene even more efficiently than Fe₂O₃.

Increased dietary selenium intakes can decrease the carcinogenicity of several organic carcinogens in animals and dietary zinc can effectuate both enhancement and inhibition of carcinogenicity depending on dietary concentration.     

A comparison study of aerosol emissions sources in two receptor sites in Salvador (Brazil) city

Total suspended particles (TSP) and metal concentrations were determined in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil at two sites: a residential area and a residential‐commercial‐industrial neighborhood. The determined metals associated with atmospheric aerosols include Al, Ca, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mg, Mn, V, Zn and Na. Factor analysis was employed to identify the major atmospheric deposition sources. At one site the data were best represented by two sources: resuspended soil + marine aerosol and vehicular emissions, which represents 93% of the total system variance. In the second one the data were best represented by three sources: resuspended soil, metallurgy and building construction, which represents 79% of the total system variance.     

树脂D001负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属脱溴2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的研究

采用大孔树脂D001交换吸附Pd2+、Fe2+并在厌氧条件下以硼氢化钠溶液还原吸附的钯铁离子制备成负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属树脂。利用该树脂对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)进行脱溴反应,探讨了该法的可行性和特性。结果表明:当大孔树脂D001、氯化钯、硫酸亚铁用量分别为0.75 g、2μg和0.2 g时所制备的双金属树脂脱溴水-乙醇溶液中的BDE-47效果最佳,反应遵循准一级动力学,速率常数k约为0.161 d-1,半减期为1.21 d。负载Pd/Fe的D001连续3次脱溴反应都有较好的效果,水-乙醇溶液中超过90%以上的BDE-47在反应6 d后被降解。负载Pd/Fe双金属的树脂可以重复活化再生,但再生2次后其脱溴效率变差,反应6 d只有47.3%的BDE-47被降解。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪跟踪Pd/Fe双金属树脂脱溴BDE-47反应,可知产物包括溴离子、三溴联苯醚、二溴联苯醚、一溴联苯醚和联苯醚。     

天气条件及气团来源对青岛春季大气颗粒物数浓度谱分布的影响

利用2010年春季在青岛观测的不同粒径大气颗粒物数浓度,结合同期的Micaps天气图资料及后向轨迹分析资料,探讨了不同天气条件及气团来源不同时青岛大气颗粒物数浓度谱的变化特征.结果表明,沙尘发生前12h,大气中0.3~1.0μm的细粒子数浓度逐渐小幅升高,沙尘发生时>1.0μm粗颗粒物数浓度较沙尘发生前升高了1~10倍,0.3~1.0μm细颗粒物数浓度则降低了20%~45%.降雨使>1.0μm粗粒子数浓度降低>50%,降雨后大气颗粒物尤其是细粒子数浓度很快回升.雾和霾天气发生时1.0μm粗粒子数浓度较高,而局地源气溶胶中粗粒子数浓度较低,<0.7μm细粒子相对贡献较大.     

广州城区大气细颗粒物粒谱分布特征分析

2008年10~11月,利用大气细粒子谱分析仪(FPM-I型)对广州城区5nm~10μm大气细粒子谱进行长期连续在线测量.同时,利用大气能见度仪、黑碳分析仪、气象参数仪获取了观测点的大气能见度、黑碳质量浓度和气象参数信息. 颗粒物谱型分析结果表明:整个观测期内,颗粒物数浓度谱、表面积谱及体积谱均呈双峰结构. 广州地区核模态(5~20nm)、爱根核模态(20~100nm)和积聚模态(0.1~1μm)粒子日平均浓度变化范围分别为1400~4300个/cm3、5000~12300个/cm3和1600~2600个/cm3.晴天和灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度、黑碳浓度及大气能见度对比分析结果表明:广州地区大气能见度的高低受核模态和爱根核模态粒子浓度的影响较小,与积聚模态粒子浓度呈负相关关系;黑碳质量浓度峰值的出现位置与爱根核模态粒子浓度峰值位置相一致,表明爱根核模态粒子对黑碳浓度的贡献不能忽略.     

天然气管道直管段结垢速率数值模拟研究

为了探究天然气集输管道运行中结垢速率的影响因素,基于FLUENT软件建立了天然气集输管道结垢速率数值模拟模型。结合川西北天然气管网的实际运行参数,定量分析了管道压力、温度、垢粒子浓度和流速对结垢速率的影响。结果表明,管道压力、介质流速与结垢速率呈负相关关系,介质温度、粒子浓度与结垢速率呈正相关关系。在实际生产过程中,可以通过适当增大气田采出水的压力和流速,降低介质温度来达到抑制结垢发生的目的;并且还分析了CaCO3颗粒在直管段处的生成与沉积规律。     

零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬的研究

利用液相还原法制备的零价纳米铁(nZVI)进行了去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的实验研究.结果表明,nZVI对Cr的去除效果明显优于还原铁粉和粉末活性碳;pH值越小、初始Cr浓度越低、nZVI放置时间越短及投加量越大均有利于水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,最佳去除率近100%;反应动力学拟合结果表明,nZVI去除六价铬符合准二级动力学模型;反应后nZVI颗粒的扫描电镜及电子能谱结果显示Cr占12.02%(wt),结合对反应溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)分析,说明吸附、还原与共沉淀可能是nZVI去除水中六价铬的主要机理.