Coupling magnetic particles with flocculants to enhance demulsification and separation of waste cutting emulsion for engineering applications

Magnetic particles were coupled with a flocculant to enhance the demulsification and separation of waste cutting emulsions. The optimal magnetic particle size and critical magnetic field conditions were investigated to achieve large-scale engineering application of magnetic demulsification separation for waste cutting emulsion treatment. The micro-scale magnetic particles were found to show comparable effects to nano-scale magnetic particles on enhancing the demulsification and separation of cutting emulsions, which are beneficial for broadening the selectivity of low-cost magnetic particles. The critical magnetic separation region was determined to be an area 40 mm from the magnetic field source. Compared to the flocculant demulsification, the magnetic demulsification separation exhibited a significant advantage in accelerating flocs–water separation by decreasing the separation time of flocs from 180–240 min to less than 15 min, compressing the flocs by reducing the floc volume ratio from 60%–90% to lower than 20%, and showing excellent adaptability to the variable properties of waste cutting emulsions. Coupled with the design of the magnetic disk separator, continuous demulsification separation of the waste cutting emulsion was achieved at 1.0 t/hr for at least 10 hr to obtain clear effluent with 81% chemical oxygen demand removal and 89% turbidity reduction. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying magnetic demulsification separation to large-scale continuous treatment of waste emulsion. Moreover, it addresses the flocs–water separation problems that occur in practical flocculant demulsification engineering applications.     

鹤壁市大气挥发性有机物源排放清单研究

采用排放系数法与“自下而上”的活动水平数据收集方法,建立了鹤壁市化石燃料固定燃烧源、工艺过程源、溶剂使用源、储存运输源、废弃物处理源等固定源、移动源、餐饮油烟和生物质燃烧等面源的VOCs排放清单.结果表明：鹤壁市2017年VOCs排放总量为8829.7t.其中,工艺过程源排放量最大（3052.5t）,占VOCs总排放量的32%;其次是移动源（2712.8t）和溶剂使用源（1447.1t）,分别占总排放量的29%和15%;从空间分布看,浚县的VOCs排放量最大（3444.0t）,其次为淇滨区（1519.4t）、山城区（1516.0t）、淇县（1103.8t）和鹤山区（1041.9t）;其中,机动车（1932.0t）、建材冶金（903.6t）、化学制品制造（829.6t）、橡塑（646.8t）等VOCs排放量较大.对比河南省省会郑州市、同为煤炭资源型城市焦作市,鹤壁市的VOCs排放总量是郑州市的1/11,焦作市的1/3.但鹤壁市单位面积的VOCs排放量较大,是郑州市的1/3,焦作市的1/2,且鹤壁市单位GDP的VOCs排放量与郑州市和焦作市非常接近.说明鹤壁市VOCs排放总量低,但排放强度较高,仍需要加大减排力度.根据本清单的研究结果,建议鹤壁市可着重加强工艺过程源和移动源的减排,重点减排区域为浚县、鹤山区和淇滨区的交汇地带,重点减排机动车、建材冶金、化学制品制造等;此外,还应关注橡塑、餐饮油烟、工业生物质锅炉等行业的VOCs排放.     

干气溶胶复折射率的参数化方案

基于成都市2017年10~12月WS600一体式气象站、AURORA-3000积分浊度计、AE-31黑碳仪以及GRIMM180环境颗粒物监测仪的地面逐时观测数据,结合Mie散射理论数值改进算法与免疫进化算法反演了550nm波长处干气溶胶复折射率（DACRI）的实部（n_re）和虚部（n_i）.通过分析DACRI反演结果与颗粒物质量浓度之比（BC/PM₁,BC/PM_2.5,BC/PM₁₀,PM₁/PM_2.5,PM₁/PM₁₀和PM_2.5/PM₁₀）之间的相关性,利用逐步线性回归方法分别构建了n_re和n_i的参数化方案. n_re和n_i的参数化方案拟合值与实测值之间的相关系数（R）分别为0.54和0.85（P<0.0001）,平均相对误差（MRE）分别为2.31%和15.18%.此外,利用该参数化方案计算的DACRI模拟了一次灰霾演化过程中干气溶胶的散射系数b_sp和吸收系数b_ap,其模拟值与实测值之间的相关系数分别为0.98和0.91（P<0.0001）,平均相对误差分别为7.43%和14.97%.     

单纤维捕集过程中亚微米颗粒的布朗团聚

针对亚微米颗粒（0.1~0.5μm）在单纤维捕集过程中的布朗团聚规律,基于计算流体动力学-颗粒群平衡模型（CFD-PBM）对粉尘颗粒在单纤维捕集过程中的布朗团聚行为进行了数值模拟研究,采用分区法对颗粒群平衡方程（PBE）进行求解,综合考虑了停留时间、入口粉尘粒径、气流温度、Pe数对布朗团聚的影响,并将数值模拟与实验结果进行对比.结果表明,布朗团聚核UDF符合数值模拟计算要求.粉尘颗粒的布朗团聚贯穿整个过程,团聚有效时间t=L/v（速度方向模型尺寸长度/入口流速）;粉尘颗粒越小,布朗团聚越强,Bin-7与Bin-0区间的数量浓度差距越小,粒径与布朗团聚强度呈负相关;气流温度是通过改变气流动力黏度以及聚并系数来影响布朗团聚,与布朗团聚强度呈正相关,当T=300K,d_p≥0.5μm时,颗粒的布朗团聚效应可以忽略;Pe数通过扩散系数的变化影响布朗团聚,与布朗团聚强度呈负相关.     

大气气溶胶消光系数的计算方法研究

基于Mie散射理论,在过去的同种颗粒消光系数计算的基础上,对多种成分颗粒的大气气溶胶,建立了消光系数的平均(理论的)计算方法,同时,利用容积占比等效折射率,建立了消光系数的等效计算方法,验证了该等效法的可靠性。随着最近实验测量技术的发展,可将大气气溶胶分成成分相近的若干组分,应用上述方法可按这些组分去计算成分复杂的实际的大气气溶胶的消光系数。对Kleiner Feldberg测量数据的应用得到了较理想的结果,这充分说明了方法的可靠性和可行性。该方法的建立,不仅为气溶胶的光学特性研究提供了一个新的理论方法,也为分析大气环境质量提供了有力的支持。     

Development of a standardized in vitro approach to evaluate microphysical, chemical, and toxicological properties of combustion-derived fine and ultrafine particles

Ultrafine particles represent a growing concern in the public health community but their precise role in many illnesses is still unknown. This lack of knowledge is related to the experimental difficulty in linking their biological effects to their multiple properties, which are important determinants of toxicity. Our aim is to propose an interdisciplinary approach to study fine(FP) and ultrafine(UFP) particles, generated in a controlled manner using a mini CAST(Combustion Aerosol Standard) soot ...     

Radiation heat transfer in transient dust cloud flame propagation

This study investigates the impact of radiation heat transfer and heat conduction on dust cloud combustion. Radiation plays a very important role in the stability of dust cloud flame, and increasing the amount of radiation drastically raises the possibility of instability and explosion in a dust cloud mixture. Flame speed, which is a function of mixture characteristics, can exhibit a fluctuating behavior. By using the discrete heat source method, it would be possible to study the transient propagation of dust flames. Thus, the propagation speed of flame can be obtained, and as time goes by, the transient speed of dust flame will reach its steady state value. By considering the radiation effect, better agreement is observed between the obtained results and experimental data.     

酸雨及大气颗粒物中可溶性SO_4~(2-)的流动注射—比浊法测定

本文研究了在一定酸度下,以BaCl_2为沉淀剂,OP(聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚)为保护剂的比浊法测定酸雨及大气颗粒物中SO_4~(2-)含量的分析条件,选择的最佳体系为:BaCl_2·2H_2O(2％)—OP(5％)。SO_4~(2-)含量在0.6—7.2μg1ml范围内呈线性关系,回收率为95～105％,相对平均标准偏差小于2.6％。在此基础上与流动注射仪联用,提高了分析速度,改善了精密度。     

转锥式生物质热解装置中热载体输送技术的研究

如何将高温热载体连续、稳定、高效地输送到反应器中，保证生物质颗粒充分的热解，以提高生物燃油的转化率，是转锥式生物质热解装置设计中的一个研究重点。本文提出了自行设计的高温热载体的两种主要输送装置，链式输送装置和气力输送装置，分析了各自装置的研究方案特点，最后对存在问题进行了探讨。     

Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Mineral Particles Collected in Dunhuang,China and those Collected in the Free Troposphere over Japan: Possible Chemical Modification during Long-Range Transport

The Asian continent is recognized as one of the most important sources of mineral (or soil) particles. These particles have a large potential to effect global changes through the biogeochemical cycle of particulates and through radiative balance (IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001). Therefore, comparison of particle compositions near the source region and those after long-range transport is important in understanding the long-range particle transport phenomenon. Individual aerosolparticles were collected in Dunhuang (40°09N; 94°41E), China. Particles were collected at the campus of the Meteorological Bureau of Dunhuang City (17 August 2001) and near the Mogao Grots, located approximately 30 km from Dunhuang (18 August 2001, 18 October 2001 and 13 January 2002) using a two-stage low-volume impactor. The morphology of individual aerosol particles and their elemental compositions were examined via a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, S-3000N) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer (Horiba, EMAX-500). The particles collected at these locations were comprised primarily of minerals, with the exception of sulphateparticles in the submicron range that were contained in thesample collected on 18 October 2001 (likely, ammonium sulphate). The most abundant elements were found to be Si and Al. Approximately 46–77% of the collected particles were Si-richparticles (composed primarily of quartz and aluminosilicate),and 13–41% of the collected particles were Ca-rich particles,such as calcite (CaCO₃), dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂),and gypsum (CaSO₄2H₂O). The fractions of Fe-rich, Mg-rich, Ti-rich, K-rich, and Cl-rich were 3–10, 0–7, 0–3, 0–1, and 0–1%, respectively. Similar types of mineral particles were found in the free troposphere over Japan(Trochkine et al., 2002). A number of differences were found to exist between the particles collected in China and thosecollected in Japan, and these differences can be explained bychemical modification of the particles during transport fromChina to Japan.