含高可溶性盐油田废水中悬浮物的测定

实验研究了可溶性盐对滤纸过滤法测定水中悬浮物的干扰，讨论了蒸馏水洗涤法消除可溶性盐干扰的不足。提出用双滤法消除可溶性盐干扰，通过室内和现场试验证明很有效。该法不改变原有的测定条件，具有较高的准确度和精密度。     

大气细粒子的快速捕集及化学成分在线分析方法研究

本文介绍了一种新型的大气细粒子快速捕集及其化学成分在线分析方法。该方法中大气细粒子与过饱和水蒸气绝热混和而增长成大粒子 ,并在气流的带动下惯性撞击到一垂直玻璃板上 ,一含有内标物的去离子水流自上而下将撞击到玻璃板上的粒子收集 ,收集液被直接输送到离子色谱、总有机碳分析仪 ,在线分析其中的化学成分。该方法每 12min可完成单个样品分析 ,每小时可连续采集分析 5个样品。离子色谱最低检测限约为 0 .0 5 μg/m3(NH+4 )到 0 .2 0 μg/m3(SO2 -4 ) ,不确定度约为 3 % ,TOC最低检测限为 5× 10 -5μg/m3,不确定度约为 3 %。真实的大气细粒子观测结果表明 ,该方法快速、简捷、灵敏度高 ,是实时监测大气中细粒子化学成分的有效工具     

重庆市典型工业源颗粒物污染排放特征

利用稀释通道系统采集重庆市主城区典型燃煤锅炉和水泥窑炉烟道气中的颗粒物样品,并利用静电低压撞击器将其分为12级,分析了工业源颗粒物(0.02~10 μm)粒径谱特征。结果表明,水泥窑炉颗粒物数浓度排放表现出双峰型的对数分布特征,分别出现在积聚态（0.12 μm）以及接近粗颗粒态（1.23~1.96 μm）粒径范围处,燃煤锅炉颗粒物数浓度变化特征以及浓度水平都有较大的差异,主要呈积聚态单峰型变化趋势。大型燃煤电厂颗粒物排放的数浓度和质量浓度均为最高,其峰值分别为2.2×106 cm^-3和174.2 mg/m³。水泥窑炉PM_2.5中OC、Al、Ca含量较高,分别为17.96%、17.32%和9.90%;燃煤锅炉PM_2.5中Al、SO₄^2-和OC含量较高,分别为9.17%、8.92%和6.15%。相对于水溶性组分和碳组分,无机元素含量相对较高,其对水泥窑炉和燃煤锅炉PM_2.5质量浓度的贡献分别达到了44.28%和18.07%。     

Effect of the water-soluble fraction of diesel exhaust particles on the development and protein patterns of pollen grains in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Excessive air pollution may adversely affect plant growth and development. The overall objective of this research was to elucidate some microscopic effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the formation, development, and structure of pollen grains and its proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bean plants were grown in experimental pots and treated with different concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of DEP. Flowers and young buds were removed, fixed in FAA₇₀ (formalin?:?acetic acid?:?ethanol, 2?:?1?:?17), and subjected to developmental studies. Our results show that DEP cause some abnormalities during pollen development. Pollen grains in normal plants are spherical in equatorial view and triangular in polar view; in DEP-treated plants, they were changed into irregular shapes in equatorial view and asteroidal in polar view. Delay in degeneration of the tapetum layer of the anther, and formation of giant, irregular, and non-fertile pollen grains are other results of DEP treatment. Gel electrophoretic studies revealed that a new protein with a molecular mass of 80?kD was formed in the DEP-treated group. Some pollen proteins may act as allergens, considering the fact that pollen allergy frequency is increased in polluted areas; the possibility arises that DEP could be an effective agent entail formation of detoxifying proteins which, on the other hand, can also act as allergens.     

改性生物炭负载nZVI对土壤Cr(VI)的修复差异研究

考察了生物炭(BC)、酸洗生物炭(HCl-BC)和纳米零价铁负载生物炭(n ZVI-HCl-BC)对土壤中Cr(VI)还原和总Cr形态转化的影响.结果表明,生物炭对Cr(VI)还原率随土壤含水率的升高而显著提高.在较高土壤含水率(70%)条件下,各生物炭对Cr(VI)的最高还原率排序为:HCl-BC(97.26%)n ZVI-HCl-BC(88.36%)BC(87.61%).在不同Cr(VI)污染水平下(150、300、600和900 mg·kg~(-1)),HCl-BC对土壤中Cr(VI)的还原率最高.随Cr(VI)含量升高,BC和HCl-BC对Cr(VI)的还原率呈降低趋势,而n ZVI-HCl-BC对Cr(VI)的还原率为先降低后升高.形态分析表明,生物炭在不同程度上增加了土壤中Cr残渣态的比例:n ZVI-HCl-BC(11.58%)HCl-BC(9.53%)BC(1.42%),表明生物炭对土壤Cr起到稳定作用.综上,改性生物炭显著促进Cr(VI)还原及总Cr向残渣态转化,表明其具有修复Cr污染土壤的潜力.     

二氧化钛纳米材料的环境健康和生态毒理效应

伴随着纳米科技的迅猛发展,各式各样的纳米材料被开发和生产出来,逐步进入到周围环境及生命体中,纳米材料的生物安全性和生态毒理学问题已引起了社会各界的普遍关注.纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)因具有良好的光催化特性、耐化学腐蚀性和热稳定性,而被广泛应用于涂料、废水处理、杀菌、化妆品、食品添加剂和生物医用陶瓷材料等与日常生活紧密相关的领域,因此,其将不可避免地进入环境和生态系统中引起相应的生物学效应(毒理学).论文从流行病学调查和实验研究两方面出发,综述了纳米TiO2对生物体(皮肤、肺、肝、肾和脑)、细胞(细胞膜、细胞生长和凋亡)和生态系统的影响,探讨了其毒性产生的可能机制.希望今后进一步加强对纳米TiO2的环境健康和生态毒性研究,以建立纳米TiO2的环境健康安全暴露评价体系,促进纳米技术的健康、安全和可持续发展。     

南京北郊冬春季大气能见度影响因子贡献研究

为研究南京北郊气象要素以及气溶胶对大气能见度的影响,利用2014年1~5月的能见度、相对湿度、温度、颗粒物浓度及其化学成分等观测数据,探讨了气溶胶不同化学组分对消光系数的贡献,提出了该地区能见度基于不同参数的拟合方案.结果表明,观测期间平均能见度为(5.78±3.64)km,能见度与相对湿度、PM_(2.5)存在明显的负相关,相关系数分别为-0.66、-0.48.冬季平均消光系数为(398.72±219.88)Mm~(-1),Organic、NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4和EC对消光的贡献率分别为38.81%、27.81%、23.95%和7.15%;春季平均消光系数为(248.36±78.42)Mm~(-1),Orgamic、NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4和EC对消光的贡献率分别为31.59%、24.36%、32.63%和8.64%.对比不同的能见度拟合方案时,基于颗粒物成分的能见度拟合方案优于基于散射系数的.不同相对湿度区间内PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响程度不同,基于PM_(2.5)、相对湿度和温度的能见度拟合方案说明:低相对湿度的条件下,PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响较大;随相对湿度增大,相对湿度成为更为重要的影响因子.     

Application of a Fibrous Electrostatic Filterfor Treatment of Diesel Exhaust

The paper presents results of investigations of a novel method for diesel exhaust filtration in a fibrous filter supplemented by the external electrostatic field (FEF), which may be used to eliminate the occupational hazard near sources of diesel emission. The reported research follows the preliminary basic study of soot removal in such systems (Ciach, Sosnowski, & Podgórski, 1995), and is focused on the construction and testing of a prototype technical-scale FEF device. The results suggest a strong relation between applied voltage and filtration efficiency of the system and demonstrate the influence of aerosol precharging on the efficiency, which can be more than 95%.     

Triboelectric charging behavior of wood particles during pellet handling processes

Electrostatic charges accumulated on wood particles through triboelectrification during their transportation and handling processes can cause hazardous electrical discharge which may further trigger dust explosion. In this work, tribo-charging behavior of different kinds of wood particles was investigated by a vibrating plate charging method. It was found that reduction in the work function difference between contact bodies might contribute to the reduction of tribo-charge generation, while the reduction of electrical resistivity of wood pellets could effectively accelerate the charge dissipation. As the particle size decreases, accumulated charges increase significantly. In contrast, higher moisture content of wood particles leads to lower charge accumulation due to an accelerated charge dissipation rate. Tribo-charging behaviors of white pellets, torrefied pellet, steam treated pellets and dark pellets have also been investigated. Compared to the white pellets, they all have shown a reduction on charge accumulation to some extent. However, results suggested that all of them have nearly equivalent tribo-charge density as coal and wheat grains used as references in this study.     

对喷流除尘技术在收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵粉尘中的应用研究

对喷流除尘技术利用粉尘颗粒在撞击区内来回振荡、相互碰撞并团聚的机理进行除尘.实验采用水平式对喷流除尘系统收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵的混合物粉尘,主要考察喷嘴气流速度、含尘浓度和喷雾化水润湿含尘气流对除尘效率的影响,并进行机理分析.实验表明,除尘效率随喷嘴风速的增大而升高,但喷嘴风速超过25～27 m/s后,反而下降;除尘效率随含尘浓度的增加而升高,但含尘浓度超过0 45～0.55 kg/m3后反而有所降低;喷雾化润湿含尘气流能显著提高除尘效率,最优耗水量为0.18～0.22 kg/kg粉尘,超过该值后无显著变化.实验确定的最优除尘条件为:喷嘴速度25～27 m/s、含尘浓度0.45～0.55 kg/m3、耗水量0.18～0 22 kg/kg粉尘,除尘效率最高可达96.8%.