负载型纳米Pd/Fe对氯代烃脱氯机理研究

采用实验室制备的负载型纳米Pd/Fe对几种常见的挥发性氯代烃:四氯乙烯(ICE)、三氯乙烯(TCE)、1,1-二氯乙烯(1,1-DCE)、氯乙烯(VC)和林丹(γ-HCH)进行了还原脱氯研究.负载型纳米Pd/Fe对PCE、TCE、1,1-DCE、VC和γ-HCH的还原脱氯符合准一级反应动力学方程,其反应速率常数分别为2.79 h-1、2.35 h-1、1.12 h-1、2.14 h-1和4.02 h-1.氯代烃降解过程中几乎没有中间产物生成,终产物主要为C2 H6和C2 H4,如对TCE进行降解时,生成的C2H6和C2 H4分别占总碳质量比的70%和10%.采用暴露在空气中24 h的负载型纳米Pd/Fe对PCE进行脱氯,8次循环后仍能对PCE快速完全降解,表明负载型纳米Pd/Fe的稳定性能良好.以γ-HCH为目标污染物对负载型纳米Pd/Fe的反应持久性进行了研究,200 h后负载型纳米Pd/Fe的反应性没有明显降低,表明负载型纳米Pd/Fe反应持久性能良好.温度对负载型纳米Pd/Fe的脱氯反应影响较大,测得各氯代烃脱氯反应的活化能均高于29 kJ·mol-1.对PCE、TCE进行了脱氯动力学模拟,模拟结果与试验数据基本吻合,表明负载型纳米Pd/Fe对氯代烃的脱氯,是连串、平行及多步骤反应的结合.     

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪的香河采暖季前后含铅颗粒物的组成特征研究

为了研究粒径在0.2?—?2.0μm的含铅颗粒物的化学组分和粒径分布特征,运用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)于2017年10月至2018年1月在河北省香河县开展观测活动.通过自适应神经网络算法(ART-2a)对含铅颗粒物进行命名、合并后,主要分为六类:富钾(Pb-K)、元素碳(Pb-EC)、有机碳元素碳(Pb-OCE...     

深圳湾水域中重金属在不同相间的分布特征

在深圳湾水域采集沉积物、上覆水和悬浮颗粒物样品开展重金属污染研究。结果表明，表层沉积物中金属浓度呈上升趋势，尤其是锌。湾内沉积物中锌、镉、钴和镍的可交换态比例明显高于湾外，体现了沿岸污染径流输入的影响。悬浮颗粒物与表层沉积物之间的物质交换和再分配导致两相间金属浓度显著相关，从湾内向湾外，铜、镍锌的浓度梯度在异相间表现出相似的空间变化模式。     

银川地区大气颗粒物输送路径及潜在源区分析

利用Traj Stat软件和全球资料同化系统数据,计算了2014—2016年银川市逐日72 h气流后向轨迹,并采用聚类分析方法,结合银川市同期PM~(10)和PM~(2.5)质量浓度数据,分析了银川年及四季气流轨迹特征及其对银川颗粒物浓度的影响.同时,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT),探讨了影响银川颗粒物质量浓度的潜在源区及不同源区对银川颗粒物质量浓度的贡献.结果表明,输送距离最长、高度最高、移速最快的西北气流轨迹占总轨迹的比例最高,达66.7%,且气团移动速度和高度与轨迹距离呈正比;输送高度较低、距离最短、移速最慢的北方气流轨迹占总轨迹数的24.3%;东南气团占总轨迹数的9%,输送距离和移速介于前两者之间,但输送高度较西北气流和北方气流低.四季各类气流轨迹变化特征与年变化特征基本一致,春、秋、冬三季,中、短距离西北气流占气流轨迹总数的比例最高,夏季东南气流占比最高,且夏季南方气流和北方气流占比较春、秋两季高,冬季未出现南方气流和北方气流,春季和冬季气流轨迹输送距离普遍比夏季和秋季长;春、夏、秋三季,偏南气流的输送高度均最低,四季长距离西北气流的输送高度均最高.年及四季都表现为西北气流轨迹对应的银川PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)平均浓度均较高,是影响银川颗粒物质量浓度的最重要输送路径,其次是东南气流轨迹,北方气流轨迹对银川颗粒物浓度影响较小.PSCF和CWT分析发现,位于新疆、甘肃、蒙古国、内蒙古、青海的西北源区及四川、陕西的东南源区是影响银川PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度的两个主要潜在源区,各季节区域范围有所差异.     

镍/铁二元金属对莠去津脱氯特性的影响

为了考察Ni/Fe二元金属对莠去津的催化还原特性,分别以Fe粉和Ni/Fe体系作为还原和催化剂,在酸性条件下对莠去津的脱氯特性进行比较,并讨论了pH值,Ni/Fe配比以及金属添加量等因素对莠去津脱氯效率的影响.结果表明:与Fe粉比较,Ni/Fe体系对莠去津具有很明显的催化脱氯特性.在pH=2时,1.22%(W/W)Ni/Fe体系30min对莠去津的脱氯效率大于90%,相同条件下用Fe粉还原时,90min脱氯效率仅为22.21%通过Fe粉和Ni/Fe表面形态的比较以及实验结果的分析,对Ni/Fe体系的催化还原脱氯机理进行了初步探讨.     

Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.     

Heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on soils under variable temperature and relative humidity conditions

Heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on soils collected from Dalian (S1) and Changsha (S2) were investigated over the relative humidity (RH) range of 5%-80% and temperature range of 278-328 K using a horizontal coated-wall flow tube. The initial uptake coefficients of NO₂ on S2 exhibited a decreasing trend from (10 ± 1.3) × 10^-8 to (3.1 ± 0.5) × 10^-8 with the relative humidity increasing from 5% to 80%. In the temperature effect studies, the initial uptake coefficients of S1 and S2 decreased from (10 ± 1.2) × 10^-8 to (3.8 ± 0.5) × 10^-8 and from (16 ± 2.2) × 10^-8 to (3.8 ± 0.4) × 10^-8 when temperature increased from 278 to 288 K for S1 and from 278 to 308 K for S2, respectively. As the temperature continued to increase, the initial uptake coefficients of S1 and S2 returned to (7.9 ± 1.1) × 10^-8 and (20 ± 3.1) × 10^-8 at 313 and 328 K, respectively. This study shows that relative humidity could influence the uptake kinetics of NO₂ on soil and temperature would impact the heterogeneous chemistry of NO₂.     

1~3 nm颗粒物在粒径分布测量仪中的通过效率研究

基于二甘醇的扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(DEG-SMPS)是常用的1～3 nm颗粒物粒径分布测量系统.目前对1～3 nm颗粒物在该系统中通过效率的量化不够准确,这给大气颗粒物粒径分布的测量带来了较大的不确定性.本文研究了1～3 nm颗粒物和离子在直管、弯管以及气溶胶中和器等系统组件中的通过效率,并使用等效管长法来量化颗粒物在这些组件单元中的通过效率.研究表明,1～3 nm颗粒物在直管内的通过效率不受颗粒物电性影响,且可以由Gormley-Kennedy (G-K)方程估算.当采样流量为2.5 L·min~(-1)时,DEG-SMPS系统中总等效管长约为433 cm,其中气溶胶中和器的等效管长为160 cm,弯头的等效管长为33 cm.     

Size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a South China coastal city

Aerosol samples were collected in summer in Macao,a coastal city of the Pearl River Delta Region in China.Morphology,size,elemental composition,and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive X-ray(SEM/EDX) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Based on the morphologies of 5711 aerosol particles,they consist of soot(32%),mineral(17%),secondary(22%),and unknown fine particles(29%).The sizes of these particles were mostly distributed between 0.1 and 0.4 μm.Compositions of 202 mineral particles were obtained by SEM/EDX.Mineral particles were mainly classified into three types:Si-rich,Ca-rich,and Na-rich.The compositions of typical mineral particles can indicate their sources in sampling location.For example,mineral particles,collected along the main street,were associated with trace amounts of heavy metals,such as Zn,Ti,Mn,Ba,Pb,and As.TEM observations indicate that most Na-rich particles were aged sea salt particles(e.g.,Na2SO4 and NaNO3) which formed through heterogeneous chemical reactions between sea salt and acidic gases.Additionally,aging time of soot was short in Macao due to high humidity,high temperature,and high levels of sunlight in Macao.Most of soot and fine mineral dust particles were internally mixed with secondary particles.     

基于细微粒子污染的灰霾判定方法的研究

本文从细微粒子污染导致灰霾形成的角度出发,首先开展了灰霾监测实验,并对实验数据进行频数和描述性分析,研究了以PM10为主的细微粒子污染与灰霾的影响关系。确定了以PM10日平均浓度为灰霾目的判定依据,并根据中国大陆PM10污染指数的分级标准建立了灰霾等级指数,从而形成了一套根据PM10日平均浓度来确定不同等级的灰霾发生概率的方法,为灰霾预测及灰霾治理提供一定的理论依据。