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91.
Aiming to investigate the impacts of n-octanol addition on the oxidation reactivity, morphology and graphitization of diesel exhaust particles, soot samples were collected from a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine fueled with D100(neat diesel fuel), DO15(85% diesel and 15% n-octanol, V/V) and DO30(70% diesel and 30% n-octanol, V/V). All tests were conducted at two engine speeds of 1370 and 2150 r/min under a fixed torque of 125 N ·m. The soot properties were characterized by thermogravimet... 相似文献
92.
大气颗粒物吸湿性研究 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
大气颗粒物吸湿性是反映颗粒物理化性质的重要指标,吸湿性研究对深入了解颗粒物的环境和健康效应具有重要意义. 总结了国外近年来大气颗粒物吸湿性研究进展:①典型的大气颗粒物吸湿性分析方法为H-TDMA(吸湿性串联差分电迁移率粒径分析仪)系统及其优化方法. ②大气颗粒物吸湿性呈单峰、双峰甚至多峰分布;根据Gf(吸湿性生长因子)随粒径变化的模式,可将大气颗粒物分为强吸湿性和弱吸湿性2类,也可分为纯不溶性、混合不溶性、混合可溶性和纯可溶性4类. ③城市背景点颗粒物的Gf比城市观测点高;城市观测点的颗粒物Gf分布呈夏季高、冬季低,白天高、晚上低的特征. ④颗粒物吸湿性与其化学组成和形态密切相关,纯可溶性盐颗粒物的Gf通常较高. ⑤柴油燃烧源新排放的颗粒物属于弱吸湿性颗粒物,Gf非常小,但在其表面老化后或随燃料中硫含量的增加Gf会明显变大. ⑥生物质燃烧排放颗粒物的Gf相对较高,但存在区域差异性. 针对国内大气颗粒物吸湿性研究现状,提出了未来重点研究方向. 相似文献
93.
J. S. Bonner A. N. Ernest D. S. Hernandez R. L. Autenrieth 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(1-4):139-159
Abstract Sewage sludge from four publicly-owned treatment works was sampled and characterized in terms of parameters affecting transport at the 106-mile deep ocean disposal site as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency's site monitoring programme. Samples from treatment plants in Passaic Valley, Rahway, and Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City were characterized in terms of dynamic size distribution, suspended solids and density. the transport characteristics of sludge particles were measured using a 2 metre computer-interfaced laboratory settling column. Experiments were conducted at constant salinity (35 ppt) while varying hydrodynamic mixing, sludge type and concentration using a modified factorial experimental design. Hydrodynamic power dissipation was varied so that the vertical dispersion and rms fluid shear rate ranged between 0-6 cm2S?1 and 0-30s?1 respectively. Results indicate that at least 80% of suspended sludge particles will eventually settle under mixed conditions. the average settling velocities ranged between 0.05-4.05 × 10-3 cm s-1. Shear rates above 15 s?1 inhibited sludge settling due to aggregate breakup and boundary effects, but at a lower shear rate, differential settling and fluid shear were the dominant transport mechanisms. Sludge dilution (1/500-1/5000) had a limited effect on the settling rate. Results from this study can be used to calibrate particle transport models to determine the fate of sludge disposed at an ocean disposal site. 相似文献
94.
Ling-Ling Wang Shan Chen Hai-Ting Zheng Guo-Qing Sheng Zhi-Jun Wang Wen-Wei Li Han-Qing Yu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2012,6(1):131-139
Since the living microorganisms in activated sludge continuously change, it is difficult to conduct controlled experiments and achieve reproducible results for evaluating sludge characteristics. Synthetic sludge, as a chemical surrogate to activated sludge, could be used to investigate the sludge physicochemical properties, and it is desirable to prepare synthetic sludge with similar structure and properties to real activated sludge to explore the flocculation and settlement processes in activated sludge systems. In this work, a high-strength synthetic sludge was prepared with functional polystyrene latex particles as the framework and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to modify its surface. The flocculation and settling characteristics of the microspheres and the prepared synthetic sludge were tested. Compared with other three functional polystyrene latex microspheres, the synthetic sludge prepared with EPS-modified polystyrene latex microspheres showed good settling characteristics and a significantly higher strength. They could be used for studying the physicochemical properties of activated sludge. 相似文献
95.
山地城市排水管网特细颗粒物特性及变化规律 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
对山地城市排水管网中特细颗粒物的粒径分布特征及变化规律、Zeta电位分布特征及变化规律和ρ(SS)的变化规律进行研究,同时对相关水化学参数(如电导率、pH)的变化规律进行了分析.结果表明:特细颗粒物的平均粒径、Zeta电位、ρ(SS)和电导率分别为21.04~73.53μm、-20.83~-11.15 mV、106~492 mg/L和973~2 445μS/cm,其统计平均值分别为(43.74±14.12)μm、(-17.95±1.88)mV、(233±90)mg/L和(1 343±331)μS/cm;pH为7.25~7.63.工业废水的排入对排水管网特细颗粒物的粒径分布特征、Zeta电位分布特征以及电导率有显著的影响并呈现出一定的规律性;传统沉砂池对进水中特细颗粒物的去除能力相当有限,特细颗粒物会直接进入生物处理系统. 相似文献
96.
采用高径比为12.5的序批式反应器(SBR)对冷冻的成熟好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)解冻驯化,研究母体颗粒冻后富集培养及其在番茄废水基质降解中的循环利用。结果表明:冻后恢复活性的污泥第60天全部颗粒化,平均粒径不小于0.45 mm;高通量测序结果显示,相较母体颗粒,该污泥中与颗粒化相关的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)优势菌群富集,微生物丰度呈显著差异(P<0.05);复合菌株对COD、NH3-N和PO3-4-P去除率分别为98.9%、82.1%和82.2%,可实现番茄废水的有效降解。 相似文献
97.
中国大气颗粒物中金属元素环境地球化学行为研究 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
大气颗粒物金属污染已成为目前大气污染的研究热点之一。文章梳理、分析归纳了中国近年来大气颗粒中金属元素的环境地球化学方面的研究。目前研究较多的是Fe、Ca、Mg、Si等地壳元素和Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等污染元素;大气颗粒物中对人体有害的Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Zn等污染较严重,而Cr、Mn、Co、Ni等污染较轻。大气颗粒物中金属含量随时间分布变化显著,总体上呈现冬季〉秋季〉春季〉夏季的特点,空间分布上一般北方燃煤城市大于南方一般城市;城市内部一般工业区〉交通区〉居民区〉郊区;金属元素在细粒径颗粒(〈2μm)中高,粗颗粒(〉2μm)中低,尤其以污染元素明显。污染元素与地壳元素的垂直分布规律差异较大。大气颗粒物中金属元素的富集程度与元素种类、区域类型、季节变化、粒径大小等有关。最后,提出应加强大气颗粒物中金属元素空间分布差异、时间分布的尺度及差异性研究;同时加强超细颗粒物的研究,以便建立大气颗粒物金属元素与人类健康关系的风险模型。 相似文献
98.
99.
Rong CHENG Jianlong WANG Weixian ZHANG 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2008,2(1):103-108
Chlorophenols (CPs), as important contaminants in groundwater, are toxic and difficult to biodegrade. Recently nanoscale zero-valent
iron received a great deal of attention because of its excellent performance in treating recalcitrant compounds. In this study,
nanoscale zero-valent iron particles were prepared using chemical reduction, and the reductive transformations of three kinds
of chlorinated phenols (2-CP, 3-CP, and 4-CP) by nanoscale zero-valent iron under different conditions were investigated.
The transformation process of the CPs was shown to be dechlorination first, then cleavage of the benzene ring. The removal
efficiency of the CPs varied as follows: 2-CP > 3-CP > 4-CP. The reactivity of CPs was associated with their energy of lowest
unoccupied molecular orbit (E
LUMO). With the increase in initial concentrations of CPs, removal efficiency decreased a little. But the quantities of CPs reduced
increased evidently. Temperature had influence on not only the removal efficiency, but also the transformation pathway. At
higher temperatures, dechlorination occurred prior to benzene ring cleavage. At lower temperatures, however, the oxidation
product was formed more easily.
__________
Translated from China Environmental Science, 2006, 26(6): 698–702 [译自: 中国环境科学] 相似文献
100.
研究了厦门湖边水库、石兜-坂头水库水体颗粒物的分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)水体颗粒物平均含量以坂头库区最高,石兜库区次之,湖边水库最低,平均含量分别为31.9、27.7和23.1mg/L;在空间分布上,不同水库或库区、不同采样站位间,由于水体颗粒物的来源成因不同,其分布规律呈现出明显的差异。(2)从水体颗粒物与环境因子的关联度分析,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物与总氮和总磷都有较大关联性。(3)利用Pearson积矩相关系数(两尾)进行检验,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物均与总氮呈显著或极显著相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与叶绿素a均呈负相关,与其它因子的相关规律性不明显。(4)水体颗粒物与环境因子的逐步回归分析表明,在不同的水库或库区,对水体颗粒物有显著影响的环境因子各不相同,湖边水库是高锰酸盐指数和总氮,石兜库区是高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷,坂头库区是pH、溶解氧和总磷。 相似文献