环境空气质量国家标准的演变与比较

环境空气质量标准是进行环境空气质量监测、评价和管理的重要规范。研究了环境空气质量国家标准的形成、现状与发展,重点分析了环境空气质量标准的演变内容和背景依据及新标准与典型发达国家或组织标准的差异。结果表明,环境空气质量国家标准的污染物项目、标准形式不断更新完善,浓度阈值更加严格,标准修订的依据和程序更加科学完善。虽然在某些方面仍与其他发达国家标准有一定差距,但总体来说,新标准的建立以及实施有助于我国建立更加完善的环境空气质量管理体系。     

国内外生态环境观测研究台站网络发展概况

生态环境观测研究台站是开展生态环境研究的重要手段。《国家环境保护"十二五"科技发展规划》将国家环境保护野外观测研究站作为"十二五"能力建设重点内容。分析了目前国内外主要生态环境监测网络,如区域尺度的全球环境监测系统(GEMS)、全球陆地观测系统(GTOS)、国际长期生态研究网络(ILTER)、全球通量观测网络(FLUXNET)和国际生物多样性观测网络(GEO·BON),以及国家尺度的美国长期生态研究网络(US-LTER)、英国环境变化监测网络(ECN)和中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)的发展历程、观测研究进展;总结了生态环境监测网站的发展趋势,即重视台站的联网观测研究,注重观测标准化和规范化及数据共享,重视观测手段智能化与自动化,注重综合观测与模型模拟相结合;提出国家环境保护生态监测台站网络是现有国家环境监测网络的拓展和完善,也是今后开展区域生态环境综合监测与评估的重要基础。     

1961~2010年中国大尺度区域暴雨时空分布特征研究

长时间大范围的区域暴雨作为一种极端天气气候事件,是人民生产生活的一大威胁,已成为社会和学界的关注焦点之一,亟需研究中国长时间序列区域暴雨的时空演变特征。通过定义的区域暴雨事件,选取持续天数、影响站点数、最大日降雨量和最大累积降雨量4项指标,统计分析了1961~2010年中国区域暴雨的时空变化格局。结果表明：在空间格局上,1961~2010年中国区域暴雨主要分布在黑龙江漠河至云南腾冲一线以东的东部沿海季风区,而西北内陆则无区域暴雨发生;在省际分布上,多集中发生在以广东为首的东部沿海省市;在时间序列上,中国区域暴雨存在准10a（6.5a和13a）的周期振荡,以1997年前后年份发生次数较多,年内多集中在5~9月,且4项指标均在6月份达到最高。     

近30 a长三角地区港口规模分布演化分析

以港口货物吞吐量和港口集装箱吞吐量为指标,运用首位度、位序-规模法则和Kernel密度估计对长三角地区港口规模分布进行研究。结果表明:(1)长三角地区港口等级规模分布由首位分布向位序-规模分布演变;港口货物运输与集装箱运输的首位分布特征演变具有内在一致性,但演变态势、具体时点等方面存在差异;港口体系结构由单核枢纽演变为双核枢纽,并有望形成三足鼎立新格局;(2)长三角地区港口规模分布逐步优化,等级结构不断趋于合理,港口体系基本满足位序-规模法则,但还没有达到理想状态;港口体系呈现分散化发展态势,集装箱技术的应用减缓了港口体系的分散化发展;(3)港口货物吞吐量与港口集装箱吞吐量的核密度曲线由多峰结构分别变为双峰结构和单峰结构,货物运输和集装箱运输均向协调态势发展。     

Distribution of Selected Soil and Water Conservation Practices in the U.S. as Identified with Google Earth

The proper representation of conservation practices on agricultural lands is an important factor in large‐scale assessments of water quality in the United States. Unfortunately, there are few publicly available data sources at the local level and even fewer at the national scale. In this research, randomly selected points within agricultural lands were examined for selected conservation practices using Google Earth aerial imagery by a team of interpreters. In total, 13,530 points had field boundaries digitized, and were subsequently examined and classified. The presence of terraces, grassed waterways, contour farming, center pivot irrigation, strip cropping, ponds, riparian vegetation, filter strips, and land cover were noted. Subjectivity among interpreters was evaluated using duplicate samples and was found to be similar to image misclassification rates in other research. Conservation practice adoption rates for selected major river basins compared favorably with data collected by the Conservation Effects Assessment Project. The frequency of occurrence of each conservation practice was summarized and presented by ecoregion. To facilitate future research, point level data and software source code developed in this research are available via the web at http://nlet.brc.tamus.edu/Conservation . Aerial imagery was found to be a powerful, inexpensive, and easily accessible tool to assess large‐scale conservation practice implementation for certain conservation practices.     

The Impact of Projected Climate Change Scenarios on Nitrogen Yield at a Regional Scale for the Contiguous United States

Improved understanding of the potential regional impacts of projected climatic changes on nitrogen yield is needed to inform water resources management throughout the United States (U.S.). The objective of this research is to look broadly at watersheds in the contiguous U.S. to assess the potential regional impact of changes in precipitation (P) and air temperature (T) on nitrogen yield. The SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes model and downscaled P and T outputs from 14 general circulation models were used to explore impacts on nitrogen yield. Results of the analysis suggest that projected changes in P and T will decrease nitrogen yield for the majority of the contiguous U.S., including the watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay and Gulf of Mexico. Some regions, however, such as the Pacific Northwest and Northern California, are projected to face climatic conditions that, according to the model results, may increase nitrogen yield. Combining the projections of climate‐driven changes in nitrogen yield with projected changes in watershed nitrogen inputs could help water resource managers develop regionally specific, long‐term strategies to mitigate nitrogen pollution.     

Local self-determination,process-focus and subordination of environmental concerns

Globalization and region enlargement has increased the emphasis of local authorities on being competitive for inward investment and taxpayers. This can lead to a subordination of environmental concerns. In order to secure environmental and other national interests, planning and regulation at supra-local level is required, especially if the local authorities have different motivations and goals from the central government. The central government policy guidelines of the Norwegian planning system and the possibility for regional state authorities to make objections are an apparatus to protect national interests in planning. However, there has been a significant change in the central government’s practice when deciding on objections by regional state authorities against municipal plans since the new right-wing Norwegian government came into power. The losers from the changed practice are the environmental interests, widely defined. The new government’s prioritization of local self-determination and planning processes rather than contents resonates with key features of neoliberalism, but also with important elements of communicative planning theory.     

民族文化生态旅游品牌对策研究——以湘西土家族苗族自治州为例

随着湘西地区旅游的兴起,提出建设＂民族文化生态旅游＂品牌,通过深入湘西地区实地调研,根据民族文化生态旅游概念的界定,分析了湘西地区建设民族文化生态旅游品牌建设当前存在的问题,并提出了具体对策。     

微波消解-紫外法测定水中总氮与国标方法的比较研究

将微波消解-紫外法测定总氮从方法检出限、校准曲线、精密度和准确度、实际样品测定4个方面与国标紫外法作了比较研究,进行了消解时间比对实验,说明了微波消解-紫外法测定总氮的注意事项。结果表明,微波消解-紫外法检出限为0.115 mg/L,高于国标紫外法;校准曲线具有较好线性相关系数,斜率与国标紫外法一致;方法精密性和准确性较好,实际样品测定结果与紫外法保持一致,在总氮监测中具有可行性。微波消解-紫外法节省了总氮监测的整个用时。     

海水中石油类国标分析方法存在的问题及改进建议

当前海水石油类分析三种国标方法存在代表性和适用性不足的问题,不同方法的数据间缺乏可比性,给政府和民众控制水体污染、评价水质状况带来偏差和不便。建议国家相关部门修订海水石油类分析方法,将水质石油类分析国标方法统一为红外分光光度法。通过海水样品加标实验验证了该方法的可行性,实际操作简便、准确。