多源数据支持下城市火灾风险评估及规划响应

为探析城市火灾风险的空间格局特征,提出科学的火灾防控体系,以合肥市为研究对象,基于火灾风险兴趣点(POI)数据、NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光影像数据、消防站与道路信息等多源数据,运用SAVEE模型和迭代方程评估城市火灾风险,并引入区位-配置(L-A)模型,从不同目标情境优化消防站点布局。研究表明:火灾高风险区主要集中于合肥市二环以内的建成区,尤其是老城区、合肥西站片区、政务区、科学城和东部新中心等区域;现有48座消防站对研究区内的POI覆盖效果较好,覆盖率为86.76%,而对NPP/VIIRS覆盖效果一般,覆盖率仅为55.94%,覆盖率在合肥市东北部、西北部和南部部分地区仍有不足;基于最大化覆盖模型,规划新增44座消防站,明显提升5 min响应时间的覆盖率,可进一步夯实城市消防安全。     

新时代中国生态环境保护的成绩、经验与新要求

目前,生态环境保护正在发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化。2018年5月18—19日在京召开的全国生态环境保护大会,是十九大后在全国形成强大生态文明共识基础上全党和全国的生态环境保护大会。其成功召开,将开启新时代生态环境保护工作的新阶段。本文梳理总结了新时代中国生态环境保护的总体实效和经验,深入剖析了新时代中国深化生态环境保护工作的总体要求,对在新时代的新阶段开展生态环境保护工作的原则、内容、方法等做出了理论阐释和系统说明。     

基于CREP的国家环境质量改善工程规划与管理:以《大气污染防治行动计划》为例

重大环保工程管理是我国国家环境保护规划制度的重要组成和实施基础。对国家重大环保工程管理的演变和模式特征进行回顾,认为基于CREP的环境质量工程管理模式是适应国家环境质量管理转型的新模式,主要包括环境容量下的削减规模确定、给定削减规模的工程方案设计、基于减排工程的环境质量和健康效果评估、支撑减排和环境质量改善的配套政策等管理模块。最后,以《大气污染防治行动计划》为例,证明了基于CREP的环境质量工程管理模式的可行性和有效性。     

环境影响评价基础数据库标准规范体系研究

环境影响评价基础数据库是对环境影响评价的重要资源信息支撑,其自身的标准化水平直接关系到环境影响评价基础数据的持续积累、开发利用和共享服务,当前迫切需要建立其标准规范体系。本文分析了环境影响评价基础数据库标准规范在环境标准中的定位和业务需求,基于对国内外相关资源信息标准体系对比分析,提出了包括三类标准的体系结构,即指导标准、通用标准和专用标准。借鉴开放地理空间联盟(OGC)参考模型的企业视角,设计了环境影响评价基础数据库标准规范体系框架,具体包括4项指导标准、涵盖6类标准子项的30项通用标准和若干专用标准。基于已有实践经验,提出了标准规范制定的4条基本原则。     

海峡两岸自然保护区比较研究

８０ 年代以来,海峡两岸在自然保护区建设方面都取得了较大成绩,但双方交流甚少,缺乏相互了解。本文重点对海峡两岸的自然保护区建设现状以及管理体制、分类系统、管理状况等进行了比较分析,并就如何进一步加强相互交流和促进中国自然保护区事业的发展提出相应的对策建议。     

A new prediction method of industrial atmospheric pollutant emission intensity based on pollutant emission standard quantification

● Established a quantification method of pollutant emission standard. ● Predicted the SO₂ emission intensity of single coking enterprises in China. ● Evaluated the influence of pollutant discharge standard on prediction accuracy. ● Analyzed the SO₂ emissions of Chinese provincial and municipal coking enterprises. Industrial emissions are the main source of atmospheric pollutants in China. Accurate and reasonable prediction of the emission of atmospheric pollutants from single enterprise can determine the exact source of atmospheric pollutants and control atmospheric pollution precisely. Based on China’s coking enterprises in 2020, we proposed a quantitative method for pollutant emission standards and introduced the quantification results of pollutant emission standards (QRPES) into the construction of support vector regression (SVR) and random forest regression (RFR) prediction methods for SO₂ emission of coking enterprises in China. The results show that, affected by the types of coke ovens and regions, China’s current coking enterprises have implemented a total of 21 emission standards, with marked differences. After adding QRPES, it was found that the root mean squared error (RMSE) of SVR and RFR decreased from 0.055 kt/a and 0.059 kt/a to 0.045 kt/a and 0.039 kt/a, and theR² increased from 0.890 and 0.881 to 0.926 and 0.945, respectively. This shows that the QRPES can greatly improve the prediction accuracy, and the SO₂ emissions of each enterprise are highly correlated with the strictness of standards. The predicted result shows that 45% of SO₂ emissions from Chinese coking enterprises are concentrated in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces in central China. The method created in this paper fills in the blank of forecasting method of air pollutant emission intensity of single enterprise and is of great help to the accurate control of air pollutants.     

基于模糊聚类的国防工程电磁脉冲防护策略探讨

为实现对国防工程内部众多电气设备进行有效合理的防护,达到国防工程对电磁脉冲的整体防护要求;以人防工程为例,分析人防工程内部电气设备的功能特点,确定其评估指标体系,利用模糊聚类的方法,对人防工程内部的电气设备进行模糊聚类,通过对模糊聚类结果的分析,探讨对不同种类的电气设备的防护策略。通过模糊聚类模型而实现的分类防护,可以提高人防工程对电磁脉冲的整体防护效率。采用的方法也可以应用到其他国防工程的电磁脉冲分类防护中去。     

关于“正弦振动试验”现行国家标准与正在修订中的新版标准的解读

正弦振动试验是试验室经常采用的振动方式,对应正弦振动试验国家标准GB／T2423．10应用非常广泛。本文介绍了该标准的用途、制修订背景等,在此基础上分析了现行正弦振动试验国家标准GB／T2423．10—2008与正在修订的6B／T2423．10—201×之间的异同之处,并指明了此标准应用中的几点注意的问题。     

Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance: A critical review

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States (US) indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations (e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes). Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks.