关注全球气候变化,提高抵御气候灾害的能力

我国是个受全球季风气候影响较大的国家。受全球气候变暖的影响,云南梅里雪山的明永冰川已发生后退现象,西双版纳也已出现一些变化的前兆。为维护生态安全,云南省应统筹好人与自然和谐相处的关系,防止人为决策失误造成的区域性生态系统结构的破坏,同时要加强有关气候变化对云南影响的预警研究。     

Optimising the environmental benefits of emission reductions from UK coal- and oil-fired power stations: a critical loads approach

This paper describes a method for determining reductions of SO₂ emissions from coal- and oil-fired power stations, oil refineries and large industrial units in the UK taking into account their pollution potential. The method is based on the use of two gridded data sets: critical loads, which represent the sensitivity of the environment to acid deposition and modelled estimates of total (wet + dry) sulphur deposition for 646 point sources within the UK. An iterative method is used to identify and subsequently reduce emissions from point sources that contribute most to areas of critical loads exceedance. This paper demonstrates how the method may be used to determine an optimal allocation of emissions across the UK which yields the maximum amount of environmental protection per unit of emission.The paper then goes on to consider the changes that will have to take place within the UK power generation industry in order to meet the revised EC Large Combustion Plant Directive which comes into force on 1 January 2008. Particular emphasis is placed upon proposed emissions trading schemes and the environmental implications of allowing trading between stations with high and low pollution potentials. The paper concludes by suggesting that the emissions trading process should take into account the pollution potential of each source, irrespective of whether the proposed emission is within the plant's agreed emission limit. An approach based entirely on minimizing environmental damage rather than one which takes cost into account, as in current integrated assessment modelling, could provide an interesting approach across the rest of Europe.     

Developing Canada's National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System to Meet the Reporting Requirements of the Kyoto Protocol

The rate of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere can be reduced by decreasing emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and by increasing the net uptake (or reducing the net loss) of carbon in terrestrial (and aquatic) ecosystems. The Kyoto Protocol addresses both the release and uptake of carbon. Canada is developing a National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System in support of its international obligations to report greenhouse gas sources and sinks. This system employs forest-inventory data, growth and yield information, and statistics on natural disturbances, management actions and land-use change to estimate forest carbon stocks, changes in carbon stocks, and emissions of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases. A key component of the system is the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS). The model is undergoing extensive revisions to enable analyses at four spatial scales (national, provincial, forest management unit and stand) and in annual time steps. The model and the supporting databases can be used to assess carbon-stock changes between 1990 and the present, and to predict future carbon-stock changes based on scenarios of future disturbance rates and management actions.     

Bipolar charged aerosol agglomeration and collection by a two-zone agglomerator

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｏｆｔｈｅｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｓｔａｔｉｃｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｏｒ (ＥＳＰ)ｆｏｒｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｕｂｍｉｃｒｏｎｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ ,ｔｈｅｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌａｇｇｌｏｍｅｒａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｈａｓｌｅｄｔｏａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｎｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ .Ｍａｎｙａｕｔｈｏｒｓｈａｖｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌａｇｇｌｏｍｅｒａｔｉ…     

天然林保护与东北地区水患治理方略

从天然林水文功能出发，阐述了东北地区天然林削减及其与洪涝灾害的关系，提出了东北地区水患治理方略。同时建议建立防汛信息系统，提高暴雨和洪水预报准确率以及防洪保险灾后重建。     

聚电解质溶液中粘土颗粒的ζ电位

分别测定了 5种不同分子量和 5种不同分子链电荷密度的阴离子聚电解质高分子在钠蒙脱石粘土颗粒表面吸附前后粘粒的ζ电位 ;讨论分析了分子结构和体系环境对粘粒 ζ电位的影响以及聚电解质对粘土 -水分散体系的稳定作用。     

输气场站工艺安全风险分析

针对输气场站HAZOP风险评估出的天然气泄漏风险进行工艺安全量化分析,通过天然气泄漏喷射火模拟,对天然气泄漏风险进行量化,为输气场站的安全管理提供有效的技术支持。通过量化,分析出对天然气泄漏喷射火造成后果大小的影响因素,提高了HAZOP风险分析的准确性和科学性,对输气场站的风险管理具有参考意义。     

典型北方高碱度微污染水体强化混凝的示范研究

以高碱度、受有机物污染的典型北方水体为例,探索适宜的强化混凝技术.在水质调查的基础上,提出适合水质特征的强化混凝目标.研究了高碱度水体强化混凝技术方法.研究表明,可以通过3条技术途径提高水体中有机物的去除效率.其一在混凝前优化pH,促进絮凝剂水解形成中聚体,AlCl3在pH 6左右,FeCl3在pH 5左右时,有机物去除率可以提高一倍左右;其二是强化沉淀软化;其三是絮凝剂优化.结合我国实际情况,通过对传统絮凝剂进行改性,研制出了适合我国北方水质特征的高效絮凝剂,能较传统絮凝剂将有机物去除率提高30%以上.     

呼和浩特市空气污染潜势预报方法研究

利用1995～1997和2000年资料，统计分析了呼市边界层气象条件和影响呼市地区的天气系统，寻找出了城市污染与天气的关系，据此研究制定了有利和不利于污染物扩散的天气形势和气象要素指标，给出了不同污染物的空气质量等级判据，从而建立了呼市污染潜势预报方法。     

1952-2016年长江经济带天然与人为氮输入时空演变

过量氮输入是水体氮污染的关键驱动因子，解析氮输入的结构和时空变化模式成为氮素环境管理的重要基础和难点.基于1952—2016年长江经济带各地区氮活动数据，分别构建了天然氮输入和人为氮输入模型，评估了氮输入负荷的时空变化特征.结果表明：①长江经济带氮输入负荷总体越过EKC曲线拐点进入由增长向下降的发展阶段，拐点出现在人均GDP为35777~36299元·人^-1时，发生时间为"十二五"时期，主要原因是化肥和食物输入下降；②氮输入负荷存在显著的时空差异，东部地区表现为倒U型，中部为S型，西部为J型，表明氮负荷存在从东向西的空间转移，西部地区成为氮输入负荷增长的热点地区，这与东部地区化肥施用量下降有关；③人为输入是长江经济带氮输入的主要来源，输入量及其占总输入的比例均呈现显著的增长趋势，空间上表现为从西到东部逐步递增的变化规律，与氮驱动力分布一致；④植被的多年平均固氮量为1771 kg·km^-2·a^-1，其中，非农作物的固氮速率为763 kg·km^-2·a^-1，植被固氮量的年际波动较小，天然输入对长江经济带总体氮输入影响较小.