Indigenous Knowledge of Natural Resource Management and Population Control for Dong Ethnic Group in Guizhou Province

Dong ethnic people have rich indigenous knowledge in terms of their daily life and production, which plays an important role in the sustainable development of their village. This paper aims to understand traditional knowledge of Dong ethnic people in resource management and population control, including traditional resource management, traditional medicinal knowledge and village regulations in Zhanli Village in Southeast Guizhou Province. The research methods include key informant interview, group discussio...     

人工纳米颗粒对水生生物的毒性效应及其机制研究进展

随着纳米科技的飞速发展和纳米产品的普及,人工纳米颗粒(NPs)的生物毒性效应研究逐渐成为国内外关注的热点.以水环境和水生生物为对象,综述了近几年来NPs对水生生物的毒性效应、毒性机制等方面的研究进展.文中按NPs的分类总结了NPs对微生物、藻类、原生动物和鱼类等水生生物的毒性效应,着重论述了NPs的可能毒性机制及其与NPs的独特物理化学性质之间的关系,并在细胞和分子水平上探讨了NPs的摄取、跨膜运输等方面的可能机制.在自然水体中,NPs因其化学行为受水化学条件等影响而表现出不同于实验室研究中的生物毒性效应,本文也对这方面的研究进行了讨论和总结.最后分析了目前水生生物纳米毒性研究中的瓶颈和方法、技术方面的问题,并对以后应注重开展的研究进行了展望.     

The distribution of environmentally related well-being: a conceptual framework

Environmental economists have long concerned themselves with the ways in which natural resources and pollution can contribute to (or detract from) human well-being. However, the distribution of economic benefits and costs from environmentally related goods and services has been often overlooked. This article derives a conceptual framework that brings together the literature from the environmental justice movement, work on the so-called resource curse, and institutional environmental economics into a comprehensive whole. The conceptual framework gives rise to several interesting questions that can be used in studying the distribution of environmentally related well-being.     

LNG船舶锚泊安全距离定量计算建模

为保障液化天然气船舶(LNG船舶)锚泊安全,提出了一种基于船舶漂移运动和船舶碰撞风险的锚泊安全距离计算方法.首先,结合船舶运动数学模型,通过蒙特卡洛模拟LNG船舶走锚漂移运动,得出走锚漂移方向概率密度函数,从而确定船舶走锚漂移横向、纵向距离;同时,结合船舶碰撞概率模型、船舶碰撞损害模型和LNG火灾模型,建立LNG船舶碰撞风险模型,确定满足碰撞概率和风险可接受的安全距离.最后,比较两种模型计算结果,并取其较大值作为LNG船舶锚泊安全距离.结果表明,LNG船锚泊安全距离不仅与环境水域的风、流情况有关,还与附近水域内船舶大小及速度有关.建议交通管理中需结合水域环境特征和水域船舶特点确定LNG船舶的锚泊安全距离.     

天然矿物负载Fe/Co催化H2O2氧化降解阳离子红3R

类Fenton反应关键是催化剂的活性,利用浸渍法负载铁、钴双金属对天然矿物材料进行改性,提高其催化活性,并运用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等表征手段对负载前后的材料进行表征分析.结果表明负载后材料中生成Fe2O3和Co Fe2O4两种新物质.将合成的催化剂用于催化H2O2氧化阳离子红3R染料废水,在催化剂投加量3 g·L-1,H2O2投加量0.3 m L·L-1,反应时间1 h条件下,100 mg·L-1阳离子红3R废水脱色率可达99.8%,TOC去除率可达58.4%,催化剂中活性组分主要为表面负载的Fe2O3和Co Fe2O4,电子自旋共振(ESR)分析表明催化氧化过程中产生羟基自由基,阳离子红3R发色基团在1 min已被完全破坏,光谱分析表明反应过程中有小分子物质生成.催化氧化效果受染料废水初始p H值影响小,适应p H范围广,解决了传统Fenton反应p H条件苛刻的问题.研究结果为印染废水处理提供了具有工程应用潜力的技术方法.     

基于加速老化和自然贮存数据的氟硅橡胶制品贮存寿命预估

目的准确评价氟硅橡胶制品的贮存寿命。方法利用G402氟硅橡胶制品自然贮存数据对加速老化试验数据进行检验。结果确认加速老化试验方法可行,数据可信,并根据加速老化试验中的模拟试验确定了贮存失效临界值。结论推测出G402氟硅橡胶制品的贮存寿命可以达到15年。     

国Ⅳ天然气公交车实际道路颗粒物排放特性

采用车载排放测试系统对国Ⅳ天然气公交车进行了实际道路排放测试,研究其颗粒物排放特征及粒径分布随车速、加速度及比功率的变化规律.结果表明,天然气公交车的颗粒物数量和质量排放率随车速的增加均逐渐升高,而排放因子均逐渐减小;怠速、低速、中速和高速工况下颗粒数量浓度均呈多峰对数分布,核态颗粒数在总颗粒数中占大多数比例.随加速度的增大,颗粒物排放率逐渐升高;快加速工况颗粒物排放率明显高于匀速和慢减速工况,而后二者之间相差不大.颗粒物的高排放集中在高车辆比功率(VSP)区间内,并随VSP绝对值的增大逐渐升高.     

重庆铁山坪森林土壤汞释放通量的影响因子研究

对位于重庆铁山坪的马尾松林下的山地黄壤进行表层土壤(0~5 cm)的原状采集,并在实验室中进行控制实验,利用通量箱法测量原状土块表面的汞释放通量,以研究环境因子对土壤汞释放量的影响.结果表明,土壤汞释放量与辐射强度呈显著的正相关,在相同的空气温度和土壤含水量等条件下,土壤汞释放量在光下是遮阳条件下的3~9倍.不过,由于林下土壤常处于背阴状态,可能遮阳条件更能代表白天林下土壤汞的排放情况.土壤汞释放量存在明显的季节变化,夏季>春秋季>冬季,空气温度与土壤汞释放呈正相关.在低温下土壤汞释放量很低,土壤含水量影响较弱,而在高温时土壤含水量增加能明显促进土壤汞释放.枯落物的移除会显著降低土壤汞释放通量,主要原因可能是枯落物的汞含量较高并易于还原.土壤汞释放量在一天内也存在明显的衰减趋势,表明土壤表层的汞含量可能是森林土壤汞释放的重要限制因素.本研究测得森林土壤汞释放通量(白天)为:夏季(14.3±19.6)ng·(m2·h)-1、春秋季(3.50±5.36)ng·(m2·h)-1、冬季(1.48±3.27)ng·(m2·h)-1,以上稳态测试结果可能高估了实际的汞排放量.     

Traditional Ecological Knowledge Trends in the Transition to a Market Economy: Empirical Study in the Doñana Natural Areas

Abstract: Researchers and conservation managers largely agree on the relevance of traditional ecological knowledge for natural resource management in indigenous communities, but its prevalence and role as societies modernize are contested. We analyzed the transmission of traditional knowledge among rural local people in communities linked to protected areas in Doñana, southwestern Spain. We studied changes in knowledge related to local practices in agriculture and livestock farming among 198 informants from three generations that cover the period in which the area transited from an economy strongly dependent on local ecosystem services to a market economy with intensified production systems. Our results suggest an abrupt loss of traditional agricultural knowledge related to rapid transformations and intensification of agricultural systems, but maintenance of knowledge of traditional livestock farming, an activity allowed in the protected areas that maintains strong links with local cultural identity. Our results demonstrate the potential of protected areas in protecting remaining bodies of traditional ecological knowledge in developed country settings. Nevertheless, we note that strict protection in cultural‐landscape‐dominated areas can disrupt transmission of traditional knowledge if local resource users and related practices are excluded from ecosystem management.