Recreation benefits of natural area characteristics at the El Yunque National Forest

The paper applies the Contingent Valuation Method using a visitor survey to determine trip values to three rivers in northeastern Puerto Rico. Sample data were obtained from 984 interviews conducted in 13 sites during the summer months. The trip value is statistically decomposed into components representing natural features and recreation activities. The median net economic value of a river visit without waterfalls or foot trails is $96. Recreation at rivers with both waterfalls and foot trails has a median value of $138 per trip. The presence of waterfalls accounts for $23 and foot trails $19 per trip. This information can be pertinent for managers in selecting recreation site locations and protecting them from competing uses.     

有风条件下室内火灾自然排烟模型试验研究

采用缩尺度试验方法对有风条件下室内火灾自然排烟过程准稳态进行研究,分析不同补气口、排烟口位置和风向对排烟效果的影响。试验结果表明:将补气口设在迎风面,排烟口设在背风面或侧风面时将获得比没有环境风时更好的自然排烟效果;而在其他情况下,环境风将通过减小排烟口处内外压差以及对室内烟气层产生扰动来降低自然排烟效果。在设置建筑自然排烟系统时,应综合考虑火灾具体情况以及当地风速条件,选择对自然排烟有利的排烟口与补气口位置组合,以提高自然排烟的效果。     

基于灰色关联分析和IAHP的CNG加气站安全评价方法研究

建立了压缩天然气(CNG)加气站安全评价的指标体系和安全等级的评分标准,运用改进的层次分析法(IAHP)计算CNG加气站安全指标权重序列,运用灰色关联法计算参评序列与标准序列的关联度。最大关联度所对应的标准向量等级,即为CNG加气站所属的安全等级。IAHP采用"三标度"法确定判断矩阵,相对于层次分析法中的"九标度"法来说,更易于保持矩阵的一致性。应用笔者提出的理论与方法,对北京某CNG加气站的实际案例计算,验证该方法的有效性。计算结果表明:售气系统安全、气体储存和压缩系统安全、人员的违章操作情况、司机或加气站人员是否在站内抽烟、站内设施与站外建筑物防火距离等是CNG加气站安全的主要影响因素,应对其进行重点管理。     

压缩天然气(CNG)加气站安全监控系统

根据国家科技攻关课题的研究成果以及国家有关法律法规要求,结合加气站安全生产工作的实际需要,辩识与分析CNG加气站的常见危险有害因素;统计与分析近几年加气站事故;采用事故树法对加气站的火灾爆炸危险进行分析;提出事故预防措施;研究并提出CNG加气站安全监控系统的结构和功能设计方案。CNG加气站安全监控系统在对加气站危险有害因素进行辨识、分析和评估基础上,确定需要进行监测的安全相关信息;通过对加气站运行过程中安全状态信息的智能分析,实现事故预警及联锁控制等功能,控制和消除事故风险,预防重大事故的发生;同时系统可以直接纳入应急指挥平台,为应急救援提供详实而准确的现场信息,服务于事故应急救援的科学决策。     

氢氧化镁/红磷对硅橡胶/黏土纳米复合物阻燃性能的研究

选用甲基乙烯基硅橡胶(MVMQ)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(C16BrN)改性的蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料为原料,以氢氧化镁/微胶囊化红磷(MH/MRP)为阻燃剂,以气相法白炭黑为补强剂,用熔融共混法制备了无卤阻燃MVMQ纳米复合材料。笔者采用XRD表征制备的MVMQ/OMMT纳米复合物的结构,用机械性能测试研究气相法白炭黑和OMMT对MVMQ的协效补强作用,通过极限氧指数、UL94 V垂直燃烧法、环境扫描电镜(ESEM)和热重分析(TG)等分析测试手段研究其燃烧性能和热性能,结合材料宏观燃烧性能的改变,推断OMMT和MH/MRP对MVMQ的阻燃作用机理。     

自然环境对风力发电机组安全运行的影响分析

风力发电机组野外运行的特点决定了自然环境条件对其运行状况有着重要的影响,本文综述了气压、气温、台风、雷击、盐雾等自然条件对风力发电机组的影响状况,并对其产生的机理进行了分析,给出在各种自然环境下的风电机组设计和运行应对措施,以提高风电机组对自然环境条件的适应性。希望本文能对国内风电机组的设计制造、运行维护提供一定的参考和帮助。     

高压管道天然气泄漏扩散过程的数值模拟

采用CFD模型的方法对高压管道内的天然气泄漏和扩散过程进行了数值模拟。其结果表明,从高压管道泄出的天然气在大气中主要表现为高速射流的泄漏过程和随后的扩散过程。在泄漏过程中,天然气在泄漏口附近为欠膨胀射流,整个泄漏过程具有一定的高度;在扩散过程中,天然气在浮力作用下以向上扩散的形式发展。研究了不同环境风速对扩散过程的影响,较大的风速可以使天然气向下风方向更远的距离扩散,从而增大了天然气爆炸危险浓度的范围。研究结果可     

Identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources based on GIS and chemometric approach

Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set （5 years （2000-2004）, 17 parameters） obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May （the 1st period） and June-August （the 2nd period）. Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.     

工业厂房自然通风的数值模拟及结构改进

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术(方法)对某钢铁厂房的自然通风过程进行数值模拟研究。采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型及DO辐射模型对该工业厂房的流场和温度场进行了数值计算,其计算结果与文献中实验值的对比吻合很好。在该基础上,进一步对热源分布和进风口、天窗排风口结构对自然通风效果的影响做了计算,结果表明:适当的减小排风口高度以及缩短生产线热源的间距等能够在一定程度上改善自然通风的效果。研究成果为工业厂房自然通风系统的设计提供了理论参考依据。     

An Examination of Governance Arrangements at Kisakasaka Mangrove Reserve in Zanzibar

This study employs insights largely derived from critical reflections on the common pool resources (CPR) theory to examine the current governance arrangements in place to manage the mangrove forest at Kisakasaka, in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Kisakasaka was used as a site for a community-based management pilot project of forest resources in Zanzibar. After some initial success in setting up a local management structure and regulating access to the mangrove for mainly charcoal production, there are now clear indications that forest conditions have deteriorated dramatically with concomitant ongoing resource use problems for local villagers who have relied heavily on forest resources as a source of cash income. Extra-local factors, such as urban population increases and associated market pressures for charcoal, are also conjectured to overlay and interact with the institutional problems at Kisakasaka. As a result, over concern about the deterioration in the condition of the mangrove forest, the responsible government authority decided not to renew the community-based governance arrangements after an initial five-year pilot period. While revealing the inadequacies of existing governance arrangements and of its relationship to deteriorating forest conditions at Kisakasaka, this study concludes by suggesting an approach to more fully understand forces driving local resource management and use.