我国泥炭资源的储量、特征与保护利用对策

泥炭是一种经济、环境效益都十分明显的自然资源。如何科学地处理好泥炭开发、利用和保护的关系,保证社会、经济、环境可持续发展是争论颇多的课题。论文从泥炭资源过程和泥炭资源-环境-经济系统的角度,分析了我国泥炭资源的属性和特征,探讨了泥炭资源与经济、社会的相互关系,根据我国泥炭资源储量、质量与开发利用条件,提出我国应科学界定泥炭开发与保护标准,扶持和培育泥炭新兴产业,加强泥炭高新技术产品开发,提高泥炭资源的利用效率和技术附加值,降低泥炭资源消耗,走开发与保护并重的道路,促进资源开发、社会进步和环境保护协调发展。     

A Conceptual Model for Describing Decision-Making Situations in Integrated Natural Resource Planning and Modeling Projects1

A conceptual model is developed herein for the purpose of stimulating discussions within groups planning and carrying out integrated natural resource projects. We first describe four basic components of integrated planning and modeling efforts: people, databases, technology, and organizational commitment. Second, we provide one view of the relationship between the size of the project's decision-making body and the timing of decisions during a project's life cycle. Finally, these two discussions are combined into a conceptual model describing the dynamic nature of decision-making within integrated projects. The abstractions and generalizations described here are not unique to private industry or governmental organizations and should provide the basis for a discussion of decision-making issues among interdisciplinary professionals embarking on large-scale or complex modeling efforts.     

漓江流域典型岩溶生态系统的自然特征差异

对漓江流域两种典型岩溶生态系统---典型峰林平原与典型峰丛洼地的自然特征研究对比表明,两者的差异集中体现在岩溶形态(包括石峰与洞穴)、地势分布、水文网、土壤与植被、洪水灾害与系统输入输出功能等方面,其中岩溶形态、地势分布、可开发利用的水资源与土地资源是两种系统存在显著差异的关键因素。典型峰林平原地势平坦开阔,外源水来源丰富,地下水分布均匀,土层成因多、分布广,具有城市发展、人群集聚的良好基础条件,但洪水灾害、枯季缺水、地面塌陷是影响社会发展的自然环境问题;典型峰丛洼地山地多,地势高,缺乏外源水,地下水埋藏深,土地资源贫乏,导致生境条件恶劣,不适于人群集聚,自然村落发展条件处于明显劣势。     

生态资产评估静态部分平衡模型的分析与改进

静态部分平衡模型是目前生态资产价值评估中可操作性比较强的一种评估模型。由于生态资产评估领域中还存在很多争议,论文从对生态资产评估的目的、特点、模型假设、方法和途径等方面入手,对生态资产价值评估静态部分平衡模型进行了分析,指出传统模型中存在的一些缺陷,并尝试对模型进行改进。选择黄河皇甫川流域五分地沟小流域作为研究区,依据传统模型和改进模型分别对研究区进行生态资产评估,结果表明,改进模型估算的流域生态资产总价值比传统模型的计算结果高出约1/3,其中林地和草地的单位面积价值上升,灌木林的单位面积价值则下降。     

天然次生林人工更新后对土壤物理性质及碳贮量的影响

天然林被人工林取代后对土壤水文物珲性质及土壤碳贮量有重要的影响.文章以海南天然次生林人工更新为尾细桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.tereticornis)和马占相思(Acacia mangium)林前后的土壤为研究对象,研究分析了人工植被更新对土壤水文物理性质和土壤碳贮量的影响.结果表明:天然次生林更新为桉树、马占相思人工林后,土壤容重增加,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度减小,0～80 cm土壤的最大贮水量、毛管贮水量和非毛管贮水量降低,桉树和马占相思人工林最大贮水量分别降低19.8 mm和43.3mm,桉树人工林0～40cm土壤碳贮量降低6.77t·hm-2,马占相思人工林的增加14.68t·hm-2.     

水生野生动物自然保护区环境规划指标体系的建立

从水生野生动物自然保护区的特点和实际情况出发,分析了水生野生动物自然保护区环境规划指标体系建立的原则,采用层次分析法筛选指标,建立了基于PSR框架模型的水生野生动物自然保护区环境规划指标体系.应用该指标体系对怀沙河、怀九河水生野生动物保护区进行环境功能区划,得到与实际情况较为符合的区划结果.说明该指标体系能够较为全面、准确地描述保护区的实际情况.     

自然循环式污水处理系统及应用实例研究

自然循环污水处理系统(naturalcirculationsystem,NC)是日本研究开发的一种新型的污水人工渗滤处理系统,该技术将落叶、木屑、木炭和石头等自然材料作为填料,并通过各处理单元的有效组合,使该装置内的生物净化功能达到最佳效果。在江苏省宜兴市建立的示范工程显示:NC系统对污水中几个代表性水质指标有较好的去除,CODCr、BOD5、TP和NH+4N等指标基本去除率分别为4951%~9513%、50%~80%、3560%~7813%和7198%~9844%。     

Profiling unauthorized natural resource users for better targeting of conservation interventions

Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management‐relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably.     

Population Growth,Available Resources,and Quality of Life:China’s Post-Reform Economic Development

Two opposing intellectual traditions and their contem-porary developments regarding the relations among population, available resources, and quality of life as reflected in economic growth are reviewed. What is at issue is whether population growth is detrimental to or beneficial for economic development. Neither of the extreme views gives a complete picture of the interplay among population, resources, and quality of life. Following previous literature on the topic, this paper establishes a more balanced approach that considers the function linking population and quality of life not constant but variable and regards the limitedness of resources as not absolute but relative to regions and societies. The proposed approach is more flexible in better explaining the relation between population and economic growth. China is examined as a case in point to shed light on the interaction of population growth, economic development, and available resources, and its recent post-economic reform experiences showcase the appropriateness of the synthetic approach.     

Assessment of mammal reproduction for hunting sustainability through community‐based sampling of species in the wild

Wildlife subsistence hunting is a major source of protein for tropical rural populations and a prominent conservation issue. The intrinsic rate of natural increase. (r_max) of populations is a key reproductive parameter in the most used assessments of hunting sustainability. However, researchers face severe difficulties in obtaining reproductive data in the wild, so these assessments often rely on classic reproductive rates calculated mostly from studies of captive animals conducted 30 years ago. The result is a flaw in almost 50% of studies, which hampers management decision making. We conducted a 15‐year study in the Amazon in which we used reproductive data from the genitalia of 950 hunted female mammals. Genitalia were collected by local hunters. We examined tissue from these samples to estimate birthrates for wild populations of the 10 most hunted mammals. We compared our estimates with classic measures and considered the utility of the use of r_max in sustainability assessments. For woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris), wild birthrates were similar to those from captive populations, whereas birthrates for other ungulates and lowland‐paca (Cuniculus paca) were significantly lower than previous estimates. Conversely, for capuchin monkeys (Sapajus macrocephalus), agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.), and coatis (Nasua nasua), our calculated reproductive rates greatly exceeded often‐used values. Researchers could keep applying classic measures compatible with our estimates, but for other species previous estimates of r_max may not be appropriate. We suggest that data from local studies be used to set hunting quotas. Our maximum rates of population growth in the wild correlated with body weight, which suggests that our method is consistent and reliable. Integration of this method into community‐based wildlife management and the training of local hunters to record pregnancies in hunted animals could efficiently generate useful information of life histories of wild species and thus improve management of natural resources.