自然循环式污水处理系统及应用实例研究

自然循环污水处理系统(naturalcirculationsystem,NC)是日本研究开发的一种新型的污水人工渗滤处理系统,该技术将落叶、木屑、木炭和石头等自然材料作为填料,并通过各处理单元的有效组合,使该装置内的生物净化功能达到最佳效果。在江苏省宜兴市建立的示范工程显示:NC系统对污水中几个代表性水质指标有较好的去除,CODCr、BOD5、TP和NH+4N等指标基本去除率分别为4951%~9513%、50%~80%、3560%~7813%和7198%~9844%。     

Profiling unauthorized natural resource users for better targeting of conservation interventions

Unauthorized use of natural resources is a key threat to many protected areas. Approaches to reducing this threat include law enforcement and integrated conservation and development (ICD) projects, but for such ICDs to be targeted effectively, it is important to understand who is illegally using which natural resources and why. The nature of unauthorized behavior makes it difficult to ascertain this information through direct questioning. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has many ICD projects, including authorizing some local people to use certain nontimber forest resources from the park. However, despite over 25 years of ICD, unauthorized resource use continues. We used household surveys, indirect questioning (unmatched count technique), and focus group discussions to generate profiles of authorized and unauthorized resource users and to explore motivations for unauthorized activity. Overall, unauthorized resource use was most common among people from poor households who lived closest to the park boundary and farthest from roads and trading centers. Other motivations for unauthorized resource use included crop raiding by wild animals, inequity of revenue sharing, and lack of employment, factors that created resentment among the poorest communities. In some communities, benefits obtained from ICD were reported to be the greatest deterrents against unauthorized activity, although law enforcement ranked highest overall. Despite the sensitive nature of exploring unauthorized resource use, management‐relevant insights into the profiles and motivations of unauthorized resource users can be gained from a combination of survey techniques, as adopted here. To reduce unauthorized activity at Bwindi, we suggest ICD benefit the poorest people living in remote areas and near the park boundary by providing affordable alternative sources of forest products and addressing crop raiding. To prevent resentment from driving further unauthorized activity, ICDs should be managed transparently and equitably.     

Population Growth,Available Resources,and Quality of Life:China’s Post-Reform Economic Development

Two opposing intellectual traditions and their contem-porary developments regarding the relations among population, available resources, and quality of life as reflected in economic growth are reviewed. What is at issue is whether population growth is detrimental to or beneficial for economic development. Neither of the extreme views gives a complete picture of the interplay among population, resources, and quality of life. Following previous literature on the topic, this paper establishes a more balanced approach that considers the function linking population and quality of life not constant but variable and regards the limitedness of resources as not absolute but relative to regions and societies. The proposed approach is more flexible in better explaining the relation between population and economic growth. China is examined as a case in point to shed light on the interaction of population growth, economic development, and available resources, and its recent post-economic reform experiences showcase the appropriateness of the synthetic approach.     

Assessment of mammal reproduction for hunting sustainability through community‐based sampling of species in the wild

Wildlife subsistence hunting is a major source of protein for tropical rural populations and a prominent conservation issue. The intrinsic rate of natural increase. (r_max) of populations is a key reproductive parameter in the most used assessments of hunting sustainability. However, researchers face severe difficulties in obtaining reproductive data in the wild, so these assessments often rely on classic reproductive rates calculated mostly from studies of captive animals conducted 30 years ago. The result is a flaw in almost 50% of studies, which hampers management decision making. We conducted a 15‐year study in the Amazon in which we used reproductive data from the genitalia of 950 hunted female mammals. Genitalia were collected by local hunters. We examined tissue from these samples to estimate birthrates for wild populations of the 10 most hunted mammals. We compared our estimates with classic measures and considered the utility of the use of r_max in sustainability assessments. For woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris), wild birthrates were similar to those from captive populations, whereas birthrates for other ungulates and lowland‐paca (Cuniculus paca) were significantly lower than previous estimates. Conversely, for capuchin monkeys (Sapajus macrocephalus), agoutis (Dasyprocta sp.), and coatis (Nasua nasua), our calculated reproductive rates greatly exceeded often‐used values. Researchers could keep applying classic measures compatible with our estimates, but for other species previous estimates of r_max may not be appropriate. We suggest that data from local studies be used to set hunting quotas. Our maximum rates of population growth in the wild correlated with body weight, which suggests that our method is consistent and reliable. Integration of this method into community‐based wildlife management and the training of local hunters to record pregnancies in hunted animals could efficiently generate useful information of life histories of wild species and thus improve management of natural resources.     

四川省不同类型山洪灾害与主要影响因素的关系

以四川省为例,在明确溪河洪水及其引发的滑坡、泥石流三类山洪灾害分布格局的基础上,构建概念模型,分析降雨、地形、人口资产易损性等引发山洪灾害的基本因子和土壤、河网密度、土地利用等一般因子对不同类型山洪灾害的影响程度,并比较它们的异同。结果表明:(1)四川省山洪灾害主要分布在盆周山区、川西高原和横断山脉一带;(2)如果3项基本因子可以解释山洪灾害空间分布100%的变化,则它们对三类灾害的影响程度分别为:溪河洪水,降雨59%、地形28%、人口资产13%;泥石流,降雨15%、地形73%、人口资产12%;滑坡,降雨48%、地形34%、人口资产18%;(3)总体上,泥石流灾害对地形、岩性、土地利用等下垫面因子的依赖更高,而溪河洪水和滑坡灾害受降雨要素的影响更大。     

青藏高原表土重金属污染评价与来源解析

为了解青藏高原表层土壤重金属的污染特征、空间分布及污染来源,沿东北-西南方向对青藏高原表土(0～20 cm)样品进行了采集,对土壤中的Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sc和Zn等13种重金属总量进行了分析,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归(PCA-APCS-MLR)受体模型初步定量解析了重金属的潜在来源.结果表明Cd和Sb均显著超标,分别是20世纪70年代青藏高原土壤背景值的2. 13与1. 52倍.富集因子(EF)、地累积指数(I_(geo))和Nemero综合指数(PN)分析同样表明青藏高原表土主要以Cd和Sb污染为主,但污染程度普遍不高.在空间分布方面,青藏高原中部、东南部及东北部均呈不同程度污染,但中部及东南部污染相对较重. PCA-APCS-MLR分析表明,青藏高原土壤重金属主要有3个来源,分别为自然、交通和采矿等综合因素. Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni和Sc主要受自然因素影响,Ba、Cd、Mo和Pb主要受交通因素影响,Zn主要受自然和交通因素共同影响,Sb主要受采矿、自然和交通等综合因素影响.青藏高原土壤重金属污染防治过程中应着重考虑受交通、采矿等综合因素影响下的Cd和Sb污染.     

顾及尺度效应的多源遥感数据“源”“汇”景观的大气霾效应

以武汉市为例,利用多源遥感数据研究城市"源""汇"景观格局与大气霾污染的相关关系.首先,基于武汉市Landsat8数据的地表覆盖分类结果,计算不同尺度下地表覆盖的整体异质性景观指数,选择异质性最大的尺度作为"源""汇"景观分析的最优尺度;在此基础上,用MODIS数据的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品作为大气霾污染程度的度量,基于自相关性较小的"类别层"景观指数,使用地理加权回归分析模型对"源""汇"景观与AOD进行局部回归分析,并在工业区、商业区和居民区3种功能区内分析建筑物对大气霾污染影响的差异.结果表明:6 km是本文分析的最优尺度;大气霾污染的"源"景观为建筑物,"汇"景观为灌木和林地;减小"源"景观面积所占比例、增大其破碎化程度、"源""汇"穿插均匀分布,可以有效减小气溶胶光学厚度,降低大气霾污染;对于武汉市来说,其大气霾污染的主要来源为中心城区的商业区和居民区,即来自于市民生活.针对中心城区要发挥其经济、交通等功能,已有的建设用地不宜大面积改动这一现状,可以采取小幅度优化措施,而对于非建成区可采取建前合理规划"源""汇"景观空间分布的措施.     

集中式饮用水源地风险管理及应急监测研究——以靖江市为例

饮用水安全是关系民生的一个重要问题,作为城市饮用水重要供给区的地表水源地,其安全问题直接影响一个城市的正常运行。水源地的风险规划,就要从发现水污染事件、组织人员设备、现场处置、信息发布及后勤保障等方面全部有明确规定,形成一套较完善的水污染突发事件应急监测体系,本文以靖江市集中式饮用水源地风险管理为例,探讨如何将水源地保护工作规范化,防患于未然,一旦发生污染事故时,能指导监测人员立即采取有效措施。     

福州市山仔水库植被缓冲带建设研究

水源地生态系统在水分调节、水质净化等服务功能方面有更高的要求,水源地生态保护问题受到国家高度重视和社会各界的广泛关注。本研究根据福建省县级水源地分布情况及环境现状,选择典型、具有代表性的敖江流域内山仔水库周边植被缓冲带进行研究,分析植被缓冲带对地表径流泥沙、氮、磷的截留和消减效果．在此基础上提出植被缓冲带的建设管理和保护措施。本研究对于保护水源地水质,保障饮水安全和人民身体健康,促进资源的可持续利用和生态、环境的可持续保护有着重要的作用。     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.