The Wild Animal as a Research Animal

Most discussions on animal experimentation refer to domesticated animals and regulations are tailored to this class of animals. However, wild animals are also used for research, e.g., in biological field research that is often directed to fundamental ecological-evolutionary questions or to conservation goals. There are several differences between domesticated and wild animals that are relevant for evaluation of the acceptability of animal experiments. Biological features of wild animals are often more critical as compared with domesticated animals because of their survival effects. An important issue is what is called here “natural suffering”: the suffering from natural circumstances. Should this type of suffering be taken into account when suffering from experimentation is evaluated? As an answer, it is suggested that ``natural functioning'' should be considered as an additional standard in the evaluation of wild animal experimentation. Finally, two topics related to the ecological context are considered. Firstly, the often inevitable involvement of non-research animals in wild animal experimentation, and secondly, the eco-centric approach to nature conservation. According to the latter position, animals are subordinated to ecosystems. All these aspects make the evaluation of wild animal experiments much more complex than experiments with domesticated animals. Preliminary scores are proposed to deal with these aspects. It is argued that this should not lead to a more complex governmental regulation, since an effective maintenance and control are hard to realize and one may loose the cooperation of researchers themselves. In addition, non-governmental professional organizations such as research societies and funding organizations play a pivotal role.     

社会的安全保护与可持续发展

事故、灾害、环境、社会是一个互馈的系统 ,安全科学研究的对象不仅仅是技术安全问题 ,应从狭义的范畴转向广义的范畴。本文分析了事故树与自然灾害系统的结构 ,认为社会安全保护与可持续发展密不可分 ,并提出了建立社会安全保护体系的对策。     

论自然资源费制度

在国家控制自然资源和重要自然资源国家所有的模式下,原生态的自然资源主要由国家供给和管理,而通过法律构建自然资源费制度是自然资源有偿使用和有偿管理,并进行自然资源更新、培育的有效途径。明确自然资源费的涵义和分类,依据公共物品和外部不经济内部化理论,并结合社会转型过程的法律背景确立自然资源费制度的内容是构建这一制度的关键。     

Poverty and the Deterioration of Natural Soil Capital in the Peruvian Altiplano

The Peruvian altiplano is a marginal agricultural region with limited infrastructure, climate constraints, and high levels of poverty. Data were collected from 265 farms in four different agricultural regions, and data from three of those regions are analyzed here. Regressions were run with soil nutrient loss, soil depth loss, and yield loss over the past 20 years, as perceived by farmers. Location, topographical and management factors were considered. Additional regressions were run to examine the determinants of two agricultural management practices which were found to affect soil quality, namely fallowing and ploughing vertical furrows. Use of traditional fallowing (aynoca) was associated with helping to preserve soil quality, and was practiced by households with more education, with higher non-farm income, and in villages which had benefitted from natural resource development projects. Vertical furrowing similarly was associated with helping preserve soil quality, and was practiced by households with fewer unmet basic needs. These results have implications for the agricultural and development strategies to be followed in the region.     

Ethological Structure of Freshwater Benthic and Nektobenthic Communities and Its Changes under the Influence of Abiotic and Anthropogenic Factors

Classification of the mode of life and behavior of zoobenthic, nektobenthic, and neustonic organisms was used as a basis for elucidating the formation of ethological structure of their communities in small lakes and streams of northeastern Fennoscandia. It is shown that the general response of these communities to anthropogenic impact is manifested in the reduction of the number of ethological groups. The specific response to eutrophication and heat pollution involves a decrease in the relative biomass of clingers and burrowers and an increase in the biomass of sprawling–walking and wormy animals; the response to toxic pollution and acidification is manifested in the prevalence of sprawlers–walkers.     

Radioactive Contamination in the Italian Seas: An Overview Also in the Light of the European Marina-Med Project

Following a similar project performed for the Northern European Seas in the years 1985-1990, a study on the radioactive contamination of the Mediterranean Sea has recently been conducted by a group of experts of the European Union (MARINA-MED Project). Its aim was to assess the radiological exposure of the population of the European Union, due both to natural and man-made radionuclides in the Mediterranean Sea. A review of the conclusions of this study is presented, with special attention to the environmental radioactive data. the Italian radioactive monitoring organisation is described. Starting from this experience, some proposals for new research projects are presented.     

截污工程完成后武汉东湖自然净化速率探讨

根据几十年来武汉东湖水质监测资料和数据 ,在东湖截污工程完成后 ,没有新的污染物进入水体的前提下 ,对东湖水体通过自然净化恢复到健康状态所需要的时间进行了详细的数学推导和科学论证。结果表明 ,在不考虑地泥营养物质的情况下 ,东湖水体通过工业、农业、生活用水以及收获鱼类和高等植物造成的营养物的输出 ,只需要 3a左右的时间就能恢复。然而如果考虑地泥的影响 ,几十年沉积在地泥的营养物质持续向水体中释放 ,然后再通过用水及生物输出 ,东湖水质需要35a以上才能得到恢复。可见 ,截污后东湖在相当长的时间内还将处于富营养化状态 ,地泥是造成东湖长期富营养化的关键。解决东湖污染问题的关键是清除地泥 ,因此得出结论 :挖底泥后引入长江水源来加速东湖水体改善的最佳途径     

上海青紫泥土壤氮素淋溶及其对水环境影响研究

农田氮素淋失受多方面因素的影响，其淋失研究有多种方法，利用渗漏池，在上海青浦农田水利试验站进行青紫泥土壤氮素的淋溶模拟试验，以探讨不同水肥管理方式下的淹水稻田中，氮素的迁移，转化机制及其对水环境的影响，研究结果表明：淹水稻田中氮素淋失的基本形态为硝态氮（NO3^-,N)，在下渗水流的驱动下，NH4＋－N也能渗漏到一定的深度，对地下水环境形成威胁，但不如NO3－N显著；不同处理的剖面中NO3－－N和NH4＋－N浓度均表现出随深度增加逐渐降低的趋势，每次施肥后，不同处理剖面中的NO3＿N浓度均表现为短期内迅速上升，后期逐渐下降的趋势，其中NH4＋－N浓度与NO3－－N的消长规律相似，但表现出峰值超前且变幅远大于NO3－－N浓度的特征；氮素的淋失主要发生在当年的6－8月份之间，此期与降雨高频期的重叠加剧了对水环境的污染，采用节水节肥的管理模式，不仅能保护产量，还能减少灌溉量，大大降低施用氮肥对地下水污染的威胁。     

ArcGIS在重点污染源监控系统中的应用

结合辽宁省污染源监测特点,将GIS技术应用于重点污染源在线监测管理系统中。污染源在线监测管理系统的结构设计采用B/S结构,使用ArcGIS提供的MAPServers将地图应用直接运行在Web浏览器中,并对系统结构、数据流程、系统功能、基础数据库等作了阐述。所开发的系统具有实时数据监测、地图显示发布、查询统计分析、超标故障报警、专题图制作等功能。     

直升机自然环境试验研究

介绍了直升机环境试验现状,分析了直升机开展自然环境试验的必要性及重要意义,针对直升机采用的材料、表面工艺、典型件等初步制定了自然环境试验方案,对直升机自然环境试验方案的规划与实施提出了建议。