漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力时空变化

漫湾水电站是澜沧江水能梯级开发的第一个干流大型水电站,加强库区水土流失治理与监督监测尤为必要,而降雨侵蚀力的时空分布规律研究则是实现区域土壤侵蚀定量监测预报的重要基础。根据有关降雨侵蚀力的计算方法,利用漫湾电站库区4个测站1980～2000年的逐月平均降雨资料,估算了其降雨侵蚀力R值的时空分布规律及其变化特征。结果表明：漫湾电站库区多年平均降雨侵蚀力在1 9336～3 9727 MJ·mm/hm2·h;R值的年内变化显著,且较大值集中分布在雨季的5月～10月,平均R值占全年的867%,尤其6～8月连续3个月的降雨侵蚀力平均占全年侵蚀力的一半以上;R值的年际变化显示20世纪90年代漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力比80年代平均增加2835 MJ·mm/hm2·h;R值的空间分布上以凤庆站点的年降雨侵蚀力最大;南涧站点的年降雨侵蚀力最小,但是其年际波动幅度较大。全面地分析了漫湾电站库区降雨侵蚀力R值的时空变化特征,为该地区有效防止与监测水土流失情况、更好地安置水电站工程移民提供参考。     

三峡水库水质变化趋势研究

为全面研究三峡水库蓄水之前至175 m蓄水运行期库区水质变化趋势和因蓄水导致水文条件变化后悬浮物、高锰酸盐指数、总磷等主要污染因子变化及其相互关系,通过对2000~2015年三峡水库水体水质状况进行分析,得出如下结论:三峡水库干流水质较好,其受水期及水库蓄水调度影响明显但逐渐减弱。受蓄水导致的水流条件变化、上游来水、支流汇入及沿程点面源污染等因素影响,干流沿程各断面水质变化趋势不完全一致;除清溪场和沱口断面外,从库尾到库首水质评价结果优于Ⅲ类的比例总体呈上升趋势。受蓄水影响,御临河、小江、大宁河及香溪河河口断面水质均呈下降趋势。三峡水库上游来水悬浮物含量变化与水期存在较好相关性,但自2013年开始上游来水各水期悬浮物含量均下降,悬浮物通量较2013年之前平均降低约80%。水库库中、库首断面近年来悬浮物含量在丰水期和平水期下降,其后逐渐趋于稳定,枯水期变化不明显。蓄水后主要支流河口悬浮物含量大部分时段低于库区干流同期,上游支流河口断面悬浮物含量受水期影响较库区中下游支流河口明显。干支流各断面高锰酸盐指数和总磷在各水期变化趋势各异,上游断面丰水期变化较下游断面明显;随着蓄水进程,各断面高锰酸盐指数和总磷在平水期和枯水期之间、断面间差异越来越小。悬浮物含量与高锰酸盐指数、总磷等参数之间存在一定的相关性,但在较长时间范围,不能通过拟合等手段将水样一种状态的测定结果推出样品另一种状态近似检测结果。     

筑坝蓄水过程对高原湿地拉市海湖滨植被的影响

选择滇西北高原湿地拉市海湿地湖滨作为研究区域,采用传统的野外植被调查和定位观测相结合的方法对该区域植被特征、分布格局及受筑坝蓄水过程的影响进行分析和研究。结果表明：研究区共有维管束植物97种,隶属于34科76属,可划分为2个植被类型,3个植被亚型,10个群落类型;拉市海筑坝蓄水过程对研究区植物群落分布格局和组成结构产生明显的影响,草甸植被、沼泽植被和湖泊水生植被占研究区面积比重分别从2009年的4454%、1869%和3676%变为2011年的3259%、1368%和5359%,草甸植被和沼泽植被的面积不断缩小,湖泊水生植被面积持续扩大,狗牙根〖WTBX〗（Cynodon dactylon）逐渐取代蒿属（Artemisia）〖WTBZ〗植物在草甸植被中的优势地位,而李氏禾群落（Com.Leersia hexandra）成为了研究区湖滨带水生植物的主要成分;研究区植被在筑坝蓄水过程的胁迫下呈草甸植被（杂草群落、狗牙根群落Com.Cynodon dactylon）,沼泽植被（葱状灯心草群落Com.Juncus allioides、菖蒲群落Com.Acorus calamus、刚毛荸荠群落Com.Eleocharis vallcculosa、水蓼群落Com.Polygonum hydropiper）,湖泊水生植被（李氏禾群落Com.Leersia hexandra、两栖蓼群落Com.Polygonum amphibium、满江红群落Com.Azolla imbricata、鸭子草 穗状狐尾藻群落Com.Potamogeton distinctus Myriophyllum spicatum）的演替格局;拉市海植物群落受筑坝蓄水过程影响发生的逆向演替,从理论上延长了湿地的服务年限,但蓄水过程对鱼类的生存和繁殖、越冬水禽的生境及整个湿地生态系统结构和功能的影响是长期的,还有待深入的研究     

欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目实施进展与启示

碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)作为最有前景可有效深度减排的低碳技术之一,在世界范围内受到广泛推行,特别是欧洲,其作为全球CCS技术的先行者,一直在积极推进该项技术工业化进程.2009年,欧盟委员会(European Commission,EC)启动欧洲能源复兴计划(European Energy Programme for Recovery,EEPR),正式批准资助6个全流程CCS示范项目.这6个CCS示范项目囊括了当前所有可行的CO2工业捕集技术,运输方式以及封存方法,本文将对其基本情况和最近进展进行介绍,并重点对欧盟层面的CCS法律法规与此6个项目所在欧盟成员国的CCS技术与政策环境的交互影响进行比对和分析,以进一步系统评述欧洲能源复兴计划CCS示范项目带来的积极成果,包括达成减排目标和气候政策,建立欧洲CCS示范项目网络共享平台,获得CCS技术研发突破等,同时也详细列举了这些项目目前所面临的阻碍与困境,如相关法律政策缺乏执行力,融资困难,公众接受度低,技术成本高等.最后,试探讨欧盟能源复兴计划CCS全流程示范项目实施发展现状对我国未来CCS商业化走向的思索与启示.     

Identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources based on GIS and chemometric approach

Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set （5 years （2000-2004）, 17 parameters） obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May （the 1st period） and June-August （the 2nd period）. Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.     

工业厂房自然通风的数值模拟及结构改进

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术(方法)对某钢铁厂房的自然通风过程进行数值模拟研究。采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型及DO辐射模型对该工业厂房的流场和温度场进行了数值计算,其计算结果与文献中实验值的对比吻合很好。在该基础上,进一步对热源分布和进风口、天窗排风口结构对自然通风效果的影响做了计算,结果表明:适当的减小排风口高度以及缩短生产线热源的间距等能够在一定程度上改善自然通风的效果。研究成果为工业厂房自然通风系统的设计提供了理论参考依据。     

An Examination of Governance Arrangements at Kisakasaka Mangrove Reserve in Zanzibar

This study employs insights largely derived from critical reflections on the common pool resources (CPR) theory to examine the current governance arrangements in place to manage the mangrove forest at Kisakasaka, in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Kisakasaka was used as a site for a community-based management pilot project of forest resources in Zanzibar. After some initial success in setting up a local management structure and regulating access to the mangrove for mainly charcoal production, there are now clear indications that forest conditions have deteriorated dramatically with concomitant ongoing resource use problems for local villagers who have relied heavily on forest resources as a source of cash income. Extra-local factors, such as urban population increases and associated market pressures for charcoal, are also conjectured to overlay and interact with the institutional problems at Kisakasaka. As a result, over concern about the deterioration in the condition of the mangrove forest, the responsible government authority decided not to renew the community-based governance arrangements after an initial five-year pilot period. While revealing the inadequacies of existing governance arrangements and of its relationship to deteriorating forest conditions at Kisakasaka, this study concludes by suggesting an approach to more fully understand forces driving local resource management and use.     

城镇天然气管道输送工程环境风险评价探讨

在城镇天然气管道工程的环境影响评价中,环境风险评价是重点内容之一。在介绍环境风险评价基本概念的基础上,对天然气管道输送和城镇管网工程的环境风险类型（如泄漏、爆炸）进行了半定量评价。分析如何加强环境风险管理的方法和措施,为环境管理部门提供管理和科学决策的依据。     

Intermediate storage of carbon dioxide in geological formations: A technical perspective

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) through CO₂ flooding has been practiced on a commercial basis for the last 35 years and continues today at several sites, currently injecting in total over 30 million tons of CO₂ annually. This practice is currently exclusively for economic gain, but can potentially contribute to the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases provided it is implemented on a large scale. Optimal operations in distributing CO₂ to CO₂-EOR or enhanced gas recovery (EGR) projects (referred to here collectively as CO₂-EHR) on a large scale and long time span imply that intermediate storage of CO₂ in geological formations may be a key component. Intermediate storage is defined as the storage of CO₂ in geological media for a limited time span such that the CO₂ can be sufficiently reproduced for later use in CO₂-EHR. This paper investigates the technical aspects, key individual parameters and possibilities of intermediate storage of CO₂ in geological formations aiming at large scale implementation of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) for deep emission reduction. The main parameters are thus the depth of injection and density, CO₂ flow and transport processes, storage mechanisms, reservoir heterogeneity, the presence of impurities, the type of the reservoirs and the duration of intermediate storage. Structural traps with no flow of formation water combined with proper injection planning such as gas-phase injection favour intermediate storage in deep saline aquifers. In depleted oil and gas fields, high permeability, homogeneous reservoirs with structural traps (e.g. anticlinal structures) are good candidates for intermediate CO₂ storage. Intuitively, depleted natural gas reservoirs can be potential candidates for intermediate storage of carbon dioxide due to similarity in storage characteristics.     

Methodology for CO2 chain analysis

The paper presents a methodology for CO₂ chain analysis with particular focus on the impact of technology development on the total system economy. The methodology includes the whole CO₂ chain; CO₂ source, CO₂ capture, transport and storage in aquifers or in oil reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery. It aims at supporting the identification of feasible solutions and assisting the selection of the most cost-effective options for carbon capture and storage. To demonstrate the applicability of the methodology a case study has been carried out to illustrate the possible impact of technology improvements and market development. The case study confirms that the CO₂-quota price to a large extent influence the project economy and dominates over potential technology improvements. To be economic feasible, the studied chains injecting the CO₂ in oil reservoirs for increased oil production require a CO₂-quota price in the range of 20–27 €/tonne CO₂, depending on the technology breakthrough. For the chains based on CO₂ storage in saline aquifers, the corresponding CO₂-quota price varies up to about 40 €/tonne CO₂.