扎龙国家级自然保护区内滨洲铁路沿线植物资源调查

扎龙自然保护区始建于1979年,是黑龙江省生物多样性最丰富的重要湿地,也是丹顶鹤等多种珍稀濒危野生动物重要的繁殖栖息地;滨州铁路于1903年建成,铁路在保护区范围纵向24.4 km,横向线位离保护区北边界59 km,南边界28 km,由于铁路两侧地形和铁路分割等特点,多年来探索铁路运营与湿地保护协调发展,本次对铁路两侧保护区范围内典型植被进行了实地调查,为扎龙湿地保护区管理和规划以及铁路环境保护现状管理和建设规划提供科学依据。     

Metals in biomass

Background, Aim and Scope

Metal ions generally share the ability/tendency of interacting with biological material by forming complexes, except possibly for the heavy alkali metals K, Rb and Cs. This is unrelated to the metals being either essential for sustaining life and its reproduction, apparently insignificant for biology, although perhaps undergoing bioconcentration or even being outright toxic, even at low admission levels. Yet, those different kinds of metal-biomass interactions should in some way depend on properties describing coordination chemistries of these very metals. Nevertheless, both ubiquitously essential metals and others sometimes used in biology should share these properties in numeric terms, since it can be anticipated that they will be distinguished from nonessential and/or toxic ones. These features noted above include bioconcentration, the involvement of metal ions such as Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe, etc. in biocatalysis as crucial components of metalloenzymes and the introduction of a certain set of essential metals common to (almost) all living beings (K, Mg, Mo, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn), which occurred probably very early in biological evolution by ‘natural selection of the chemical elements’ (more exactly speaking, of the metallomes).

Materials and Methods

The approach is semiempirical and consists of three consecutive steps: 1) derivation of a regression equation which links complex stability data of different complexes containing the same metal ion to electrochemical data pertinent to the (replaced) ligands, thus describing properties of metal ions in complexes, 2) a graphical representation of the properties-two typical numbers c and x for each metal ion-in some map across the c/x-space, which additionally contains information about biological functions of these metal ions, i.e. whether they are essential in general (e.g. Mg, Mn, Zn) or, for a few organisms of various kinds (e.g. Cd, V), not essential (e.g. rare earth element ions) or even generally highly toxic (Hg, U). It is hypothesized that, if coordination properties of metals control their biological ‘feasibility’ in some way, this should show up in the mappings (one each for mono and bidentate-bonding ligands). 3) eventually, the regression equation produced in step 1) is inverted to calculate complex stabilities pertinent to biological systems: 3a) complex stabilities are mapped for ligands delivered to soil (-water) by green plants (e.g. citrate, malate) and fungi and, compared to their unlike selectivities and demands of metal use (photosynthesis taking place or not), 3b) the evolution of the metallome during late chemical evolution is reconstructed.

Results

These maps show some ‘window of essentiality’, a small, contrived range/area of c and x parameters in which essential metal ions gather almost exclusively. c and x thus control the possibility of a metal ion becoming essential by their influencing details of metal-substrate or (in cases of catalytic activities) metal-product interactions. Exceptions are not known to be involved in biocatalysis anyhow.

Discussion

Effects of ligands secreted, e.g. from tree roots or agaric mycelia to the soil on the respective modes (selectivities) of metal bioconcentration can be calculated by the equation giving complex stability constants, with obvious ramifications for a thorough, systematic interpretation of biomonitoring data. Eventually, alterations of C, N and P-compounds during chemical evolution are investigated — which converted CH₄ or CO₂, N₂ and other non-ligands to amino acids, etc., for example, with the latter behaving as efficient chelating ligands: Did they cause metal ions to accumulate in what was going to become biological matter and was there a selectivity, a positive bias in favour of nowessential metals (see above) in this process? Though there was no complete selectivity of this kind, neither a RNA world in which early ribozymes effected most of biocatalysis, nor a paleoatmosphere containing substantial amounts of CO could have paved the way to the present biochemistry and metallomes.

Conclusions

This way of reasoning provides a causal account for abundance distributions described earlier in the Biological System of Elements (BSE; Markert 1994, Fränzle &; Markert 2000, 2002). There is a pronounced change from chemical evolution, where but few transformations depended on metal ion catalysis to biology.

Recommendations and Perspectives

The application of this numerical approach can be used for modified, weighted evaluation of biomonitoring analytical data, likewise for the prediction of bioconcentration hazards due to a manifold of metal ions, including organometallic ones. This is relevant in ecotoxicology and biomonitoring. In combining apoproteins or peptides synthesized from scratch for purposes of catalysing certain transformations, the map and numerical approaches might prove useful for the selection of central ions which are even more efficient than the ‘natural’ ones, like for Co²⁺ in many Zn enzymes.

     

Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in tropical and subtropical regions (2000–2013)

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been successfully used for treating various wastewaters for decades and have been identified as a sustainable wastewater management option for developing countries. With the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems that support human well-being but are also compatible with sustaining natural (environmental) systems, the application of CWs has become more relevant. Such application is especially significant for developing countries with tropical climates, which are very conducive to higher biological activity and productivity, resulting in higher treatment efficiencies compared to those in temperate climates. This paper therefore highlights the practice, applications, and research of treatment wetlands under tropical and subtropical conditions since 2000. In the present review, removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solid (TSS) was shown to be very efficient and consistent across all types of treatment wetlands. Hybrid systems appeared more efficient in the removal of total suspended solid (TSS) (91.3%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (84.3%), and nitrogen (i.e., 80.7% for ammonium (NH)₄-N, 80.8% for nitrate (NO)₃-N, and 75.4% for total nitrogen (TN)) as compared to other wetland systems. Vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) CWs removed TSS (84.9%), BOD (87.6%), and nitrogen (i.e., 66.2% for NH₄-N, 73.3% for NO₃-N, and 53.3% for TN) more efficiently than horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs, while HSSF CWs (69.8%) showed better total phosphorus (TP) removal compared to VSSF CWs (60.1%). Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) showed comparable removal efficiencies for BOD (70.7%), NH₄-N (63.6%), and TP (44.8%) to free water surface (FWS) CW systems.     

TRANSITIONS IN MIDWESTERN GROUND WATER LAW1

ABSTRACT: The evolution of ground-water law in eight states in the Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin) is examined, and a review of transitions in ground-water doctrines is presented. Two underlying themes in changing ground-water management are communicated. First, ground-water law is evolving from private property rules of capture based on the absolute ownership doctrines to rules requiring conservation and sharing of ground water as a public resource. Second, in both courts and state legislatures, a proactive role of ground-water management is emerging, again, with an emphasis on sharing. Both of these trends are apparent in the Midwest. In the last decade midwestern states have (1) seen significant shifts in court decisions on ground-water use with greater recognition of the reciprocal or mutually dependent nature of ground-water rights, and (2) seen increased legislative development of comprehensive ground-water management statutes that emphasize the reciprocal liabilities of ground-water use. These trends are examined and ground-water management programs discussed for eight states in the Midwest.     

碳钢在自然海水和灭菌海水中的腐蚀行为分析

通过碳钢在自然海水和灭菌海水两种介质中的7 d暴露试验,比较了碳钢在自然海水和灭菌海水中腐蚀行为和腐蚀机理的差异。结果表明,微生物是影响碳钢腐蚀的重要因素,它影响到碳钢的腐蚀机理,同时会加重碳钢的局部腐蚀。     

Reed beds receiving industrial sludge containing nitroaromatic compounds

Goal, Scope and Background Sweden has prohibited the deposition of organic waste since January, 2005. Since 1 million tons of sludge is produced every year in Sweden and the capacity for incineration does not fill the demands, other methods of sludge management have to be introduced to a larger degree. One common method in the USA and parts of Europe is the use of wetlands to treat wastewater and sewage sludge. The capacity of reed beds to affect the toxicity of a complex mixture of nitroaromatics in sludge, however, is not fully elucidated. In this study, an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues was therefore treated in artificial reed beds and the change in toxicity was studied. Nitroaromatic compounds, which are the main ingredients of many pharmaceuticals and explosives, are well known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Recently performed studies have also showed that embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are sensitive to nitroaromatic compounds. Therefore, we tested the sludge passing through constructed wetlands in order to detect any changes in levels of embryotoxicity, genotoxicity and dioxin-like activity (AhR-agonists). We also compared unplanted and planted systems in order to examine the impact of the root system on the fate of the toxicants. Methods An industrial sludge containing a complex mixture of nitroaromatics was added daily to small-scale constructed wetlands (vertical flow), both unplanted and planted with Phragmites australis. Sludge with an average dry weight of 1.25%, was added with an average hydraulic loading rate of 1.2 L/day. Outgoing water was collected daily and stored at −20°C. The artificial wetland sediment was Soxhlet extracted, followed by clean-up with multi-layer silica, or extracted by ultrasonic treatment, yielding one organic extract and one water extract of the same sample. Genotoxicity of the extracts was measured according to the ISO protocol for the umu-C genotoxicity assay (ISO/TC 147/SC 5/WG9 N8), using Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 as test organism. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity were studied using the fish egg assay with zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the dioxin-like activity was measured using the DR-CALUX assay. Chemical analyses of nitroaromatic compounds were performed using Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and GC-MS. Results Organic extracts of the bed material showed toxic potential in all three toxicity tests after two years of sludge loading. There was a difference between the planted and the unplanted beds, where the toxicity of organic extracts overall was higher in the bed material from the planted beds. The higher toxicity of the planted beds could have been caused by the higher levels of total carbon in the planted beds, which binds organic toxicants, and by enrichment caused by lower volumes of outgoing water from the planted beds. Discussion Developmental disorders were observed in zebrafish exposed directly in contact to bed material from unplanted beds, but not in fish exposed to bed material from planted beds. Hatching rates were slightly lower in zebrafish exposed to outgoing water from unplanted beds than in embryos exposed to outgoing water from planted beds. Genotoxicity in the outgoing water was below detection limit for both planted and unplanted beds. Most of the added toxicants via the sludge were unaccounted for in the outgoing water, suggesting that the beds had toxicant removal potential, although the mechanisms behind this remain unknown. Conclusions During the experimental period, the beds received a sludge volume (dry weight) of around three times their own volume. In spite of this, the toxicity in the bed material was lower than in the sludge. Thus, the beds were probably able to actually decrease the toxicity of the added, sludge-associated toxicants. When testing the acetone extracts of the bed material, the planted bed showed a higher toxicity than the unplanted beds in all three toxicity tests. The toxicity of water extracts from the unplanted beds, detected by the fish egg assay, were higher than the water extracts from the planted beds. No genotoxicity was detected in outgoing water from either planted or unplanted beds. All this together indicates that the planted reed beds retained semi-lipophilic acetone-soluble toxic compounds from the sludge better than the unplanted beds, which tended to leak out more of the water soluble toxic compounds in the outgoing water. The compounds identified by SPME/GC in the outgoing water were not in sufficient concentrations to have caused induction in the genotoxicity test. Recommendations and Perspectives This study has pointed out the benefits of using constructed wetlands receiving an industrial sludge containing a complex mixture of nitroaromatics to reduce toxicity in the outgoing water. The water from planted, constructed wetlands could therefore be directed to a recipient without further cleaning. The bed material should be investigated over a longer period of time in order to evaluate potential accumulation and leakage prior to proper usage or storage. The plants should be investigated in order to examine uptake and possible release when the plant biomass is degraded. This article has been developed on the basis of a presentation given at the Annual meeting of SETAC Europe German Language Branch 2004 in Aachen. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Ludek Blaha (blaha@recetox.muni.cz)     

潜流人工湿地基质结构与微生物群落特征的相关性

为查明造成不同基质结构人工湿地净化性能差异的微生物因素,利用高通量测序技术,研究水平潜流人工湿地基质结构与微生物群落结构的相关性.结果表明,3个对比人工湿地系统中,从床体表层到底层渗透系数逐渐升高的六层结构人工湿地(CW6)净化性能最高,其出水中COD、TN、NO-3-N及NH_4~+-N平均浓度分别为39、11、0.35及4 mg·L~(-1),其后为三层结构人工湿地(CW3),而单层结构人工湿地(CW1)的净化效果最差,平均出水浓度分别为95、21、0.60及12 mg·L~(-1).高通量测序结果显示,多层结构人工湿地中微生物OTUs略低于单层结构湿地,但其优势菌门变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和其属水平上的硝化与反硝化细菌的相对丰度却显著高于单层湿地.PCA和丰度热图分析结果显示,CW3和CW6床体中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)属水平上的微生物存在显著的空间分布差异,从而有利于污染物的分区降解,而CW1各样点间的微生物群落结构无显著性差异.     

某铅锌矿区农田重金属分布特征及其风险评价

为进一步探讨铅锌矿开采和冶炼地区农田重金属污染的分布特征和污染途径,以会泽县者海镇铅锌矿区周边农田土壤为研究对象,共布设496个采样点,测定表层土壤中重金属（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn）的含量.利用自然邻点法对表层土壤中重金属含量进行插值拟合,以空间三维模型研究该地区农田土壤重金属污染特征,运用单因子指数、综合污染指数和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染程度进行评价,采用相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析识别污染途径.结果表明：Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu和Zn的含量平均值（mg/kg）分别是云南省背景值的33.05、5.83、12.02、4.89和16.33倍;Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn含量空间分布表现为西北部浓度最高,且中部高于东西两侧,而Cu与此相反;单因子指数评价结果显示99.8%的土样达到Cd重度污染,其次是Cu（82.06%）、Zn（62.50%）;综合污染指数表明,研究区均处于重度污染程度,西北部尤为严重;综合生态风险评价表明,中部风险高两边低,Cd的贡献率最大占61%;相关分析结果显示,Zn、Cd、Pb、Hg之间呈显著正相关性（P < 0.01）,表明其污染途径相近;主成分分析和聚类分析表明,Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn污染途径主要与人类活动有关,Cu主要受自然因素影响,因此对该地区土壤重金属的修复和治理应综合考虑人为因素和自然因素的影响.     

IDENTIFICATION OF AN OPTIMAL SAMPLING STRATEGY FOR A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of sampling frequency and sampling type on estimates of monthly nutrient loads and flow‐weighted nutrient concentrations in a constructed wetland. Phosphorus and nitrogen loads and concentrations entering and leaving a subtropical wetland (the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project, ENRP) were calculated on the basis of three sampling frequencies. The first frequency included weekly composite samples (three daily samples composited for one week) and grab samples from August 1994 to July 1997, representing a base‐line condition for comparison with results using reduced sampling frequencies. The second and third sampling frequency included three and two composite samples per month, respectively, drawn from the weekly samples. Total phosphorus and nitrogen loads calculated using two and three samples per month were almost identical to results based on four samples per month (least‐squares regression coefficients ranged from 0.96 to 0.98). Results of monthly mean flow‐weighted nutrient concentrations, obtained using reduced sampling frequencies, also were strongly correlated to concentrations calculated using the base‐line sampling frequency (r²ranged from 0.82 to 0.93). Grab samples did not always provide good estimates of loads or concentrations, particularly at the inflow when data were highly variable. From the results of this study, we can recommend that bi‐weekly composite sampling be used to monitor nutrient concentrations and loads discharged from larger‐scale Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) now under construction. Because there are high costs associated with water sample collection and processing, studies to identify optimal sampling frequencies should be a key feature in the design of any comprehensive wetland‐monitoring program.     

自然资源资产负债表编制的理论与实践

自然资源资产负债表在国内外都是一个全新的课题,然而学术界关于自然资源核算、环境经济核算、国家资产负债表编制和生态系统服务评估等方向的研究由来已久,为我国自然资源资产负债表的编制提供了大量可资借鉴的学术成果。本文在综述相关领域研究进展的基础上,基于会计学、经济学、资源环境科学等学科视角论述了自然资源资产负债表编制的理论基础,辨析了自然资源资产、负债和净资产等核心概念的内涵,从基本假设、表式结构、数据来源等方面探讨了自然资源资产负债表的框架体系,并回顾了当前自然资源资产负债表编制的实践经验,以期为深化自然资源资产负债表研究提供科学参考。