中国自然保护区生态旅游开发模式选择探讨

自然保护区建设的主要任务是保护自然资源和生态系统不遭受破坏,为了解决旅游发展与自然保护之间的矛盾,对中国自然保护区旅游发展模式进行了选择。在自然保护区进行生态旅游开发必须选择保护性模式,并根据中国各自然保护区的实际状况,结合采用可持续发展的自然保护区生态旅游特色开发模式,达到自然保护区生态旅游资源永续利用和生态旅游业可持续发展的目的。     

自然保护区生态旅游影响评价:进展与启示

自然保护区有效管理日益成为学术界、政府部门和非政府组织关注的一个焦点。近年来,生态旅游的发展和管理已经成为自然保护区管理中不容回避的重要问题。因此,研究旅游发展对自然保护区的影响并以此为基础建立自然保护区生态旅游的标准或评价指标体系,对于自然保护区管理理论的完善和管理实践的科学化具有非常重要的意义。论文阐述了自然保护区生态旅游生态环境和社会经济影响评价研究的相关方法与主要进展,认为保护区内生态旅游的实际效果与理论期望之间存在很大差距,从而在实践中引发了种种问题,对中国自然保护区的管理具有很好的警示作用。在中国自然保护区数量快速增长和旅游发展热情高涨的形势下,应重点做好三方面工作:①加强自然保护区生态旅游研究;②加强自然保护区生态旅游的规划、管理和监测;③强化生态旅游的经济贡献。     

乙酸钠和无机盐对部分亚硝化反应器运行性能的影响

通过间歇试验和连续流反应器的运行试验,探索了实现部分亚硝化反应的控制条件,考察了乙酸钠和无机盐对部分亚硝化工艺效能的影响.结果表明,通过控制进水碱度、溶解氧和水力停留时间,可在气升式反应器中实现稳定的部分亚硝化,反应器出水适宜后续厌氧氨氧化反应器处理.乙酸钠对部分亚硝化反应器的运行性能有重大影响.添加乙酸钠后,反应器出水氨氮浓度不变,亚硝氮、硝氮和总氮浓度减小,且变化程度与所添加的有机物浓度呈正相关,乙酸钠引发反硝化是造成影响的主要原因.短期批次试验表明,在摩尔浓度相同的条件下,NaCl、KCl和Na2SO4对氨氧化活性的影响程度接近,盐浓度为150mmol·L-1时,氨氧化活性为未添加盐时的60%.连续流试验证明,通过逐渐提高盐浓度,部分亚硝化反应器能适应25g·L-1盐度的水质.当盐度大于27g·L-1时,出水水质不合要求.亚硝酸细菌对高盐度胁迫比硝酸细菌敏感.     

浅谈大型水利工程对生态的影响

大型水利工程一般指为当地提供防洪除涝、供排水等大型水利枢纽工程,涉及地域范围较广,对生态影响往往具有宏观影响、区域性影响等特性,其生态环境影响与民生息息相关。本文以黑龙江省最大的湿地——扎龙湿地附近的“三江平原近期防洪治涝工程”和“引嫩扩建骨干一期工程”两个国家“十一五”重点大型水利工程为例,简要论述了大型水利工程建设对生态环境影响评价中常见的难点以及应该采取的对策,从而更好地实现水利工程建设与生态保护的和谐发展。     

古田山国家级自然保护区黄山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

通过对黄山松群落特征及物种多样性进行分析,结果表明,古田山自然保护区黄山松群落植物种类较丰富,科属组成分散,区系成分较复杂。从属的地理成分来看,温带分布的属多于热带分布的属。群落的生活型以高位芽植物为主,地下芽植物次之。该群落叶的性质以小型叶、单叶、草质、非全缘为主。群落垂直结构复杂,地上成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有一定数量的层间植物。乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性大小依次为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。     

资源性供给紧约束条件下的消费理论研究述评

通过对国内外关于资源性供给紧约束条件下的消费理论研究的文献回顾,认为在资源环境问题日益严峻的现代社会,深入分析和探寻人与自然和谐共处的居民消费行为,客观上要求我国必须从伦理学、社会学、生态学和法学等多学科领域进行探讨和研究,而不能仅局限于经济学学科研究领域。加快构建生态文明型消费模式,不仅是目前消费理论创新研究的重要方向,而且也是我国贯彻落实科学发展观,实现人口消费与社会、经济、资源和环境全面协调可持续发展的必然选择。     

Development of a Natural Practice to Adapt Conservation Goals to Global Change

Conservation goals at the start of the 21st century reflect a combination of contrasting ideas. Ideal nature is something that is historically intact but also futuristically flexible. Ideal nature is independent from humans, but also, because of the pervasiveness of human impacts, only able to reach expression through human management. These tensions emerge in current management rationales because scientists and managers are struggling to accommodate old and new scientific and cultural thinking, while also maintaining legal mandates from the past and commitments to preservation of individual species in particular places under the stresses of global change. Common management goals (such as integrity, wilderness, resilience), whether they are forward looking and focused on sustainability and change, or backward looking and focused on the persistence and restoration of historic states, tend to create essentialisms about how ecosystems should be. These essentialisms limit the options of managers to accommodate the dynamic, and often novel, response of ecosystems to global change. Essentialisms emerge because there is a tight conceptual coupling of place and historical species composition as an indicator of naturalness (e.g., normal, healthy, independent from humans). Given that change is increasingly the norm and ecosystems evolve in response, the focus on idealized ecosystem states is increasingly unwise and unattainable. To provide more open‐ended goals, we propose greater attention be paid to the characteristics of management intervention. We suggest that the way we interact with other species in management and the extent to which those interactions reflect the interactions among other biotic organisms, and also reflect our conservation virtues (e.g., humility, respect), influences our ability to cultivate naturalness on the landscape. We call this goal a natural practice (NP) and propose it as a framework for prioritizing and formulating how, when, and where to intervene in this period of rapid change. Desarrollo de una Práctica Natural para Adaptar Objetivos de Conservación al Cambio Global     

The idea(s) of ‘valuing nature’: insights from the UK’s ecosystem services framework

The variety of ideas about ways nature is ‘valued’ in public policymaking are investigated. A theoretical ideational approach is combined with empirical analysis of the UK’s ecosystem services framework. Several types of ideas are identified, and how they interact is examined: ideas about nature itself; about the role that different research on the value of nature can or should play in decision-making; and about how policy decisions are made. In particular, the ways these ideas appear in academic debates, especially in ecological economics and philosophy, are confronted with how ideas appear in the policy practice of employing a ‘valuing nature’ concept. This reveals political dynamics sometimes missed by both advocates and critics of the concept of ecosystem services, such as the importance of promoting organisations and their agendas and activities, persuading different actors to change positions, and institutional commitments and sunk costs.     

天然林土壤有机碳及矿化特征研究

通过野外调查和室内分析培养,研究了马尾松林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、红松林和油松林这6种天然林林下土壤有机碳含量及有机碳矿化特征.结果表明,林下土壤有机碳含量都表现出随土壤深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势;双指数方程可以很好拟合出天然林土壤有机碳的矿化过程,准确反映出各天然林土壤的矿化反应特征.天然林各层土壤矿化反应趋势相同,但强度各异.其中,红松林0~10 cm土壤反应强度最为强烈,其下各层土壤的矿化反应强度也显著高于其他天然林的同层土壤;对落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林土壤矿化特征比较发现,凋落物种类差异对土壤活性有机碳含量产生较强烈影响,因此呈现出不同的矿化反应特征.     

天然气管道穿越湿地的生态影响评价研究——穿越草本沼泽湿地自然保护区

文章介绍了天然气管道工程建设内容,论述了天然气管道工程穿越草本沼泽湿地自然保护区的生态环境影响评价内容,主要包括评价等级、评价范围、施工期生态环境影响评价及运行期生态环境影响评价.重点论述了天然气管道工程施工期对湿地植物、湿地动物、湿地生态系统、土壤环境、湿地生态景观的影响,以及工程运行期发生管道事故时的生态环境影响.最后,对目前建设项目生态影响评价中存在的问题提出了建议.