Sharing goals by timely communication improves fishermen's satisfaction with marine protected areas: A case study in the Mediterranean

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are considered as a valid tool for mitigating the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems. Their success depends upon their acceptance by implicated stakeholders and on the integration of the stakeholder groups into their management. This integration is especially important with regard to fishermen, whose interests are the most directly affected by MPAs. The relational coordination method posits that effective communication and supportive relationships among stakeholders result in positive stakeholder behaviors and a more effective management of the system. Applying its principles, we designed a survey to evaluate the satisfaction of fishermen associated with five MPAs in the Spanish Mediterranean and determine what mechanisms affect fishermen’s acceptance of MPAs. Our results demonstrate that effective communication is particularly important for good supportive relationships and satisfaction among fishermen and other stakeholder groups, as well as satisfaction with the MPA. Sharing objectives with fishermen through timely communication is the primary mechanism to improve fishermen''s satisfaction and ameliorate perceptions towards MPA. To address this issue, we recommend more substantial integration of fishermen in the co-management of MPAs.     

中国西部贫困地区可持续发展研究

本文探讨了贫困与可持续发展的相互关系。在系统阐释中国西部贫困地区可持续发展面临的现实问题、困难和障碍的基础上,着重围绕西部贫困地区可持续发展的基本内容和实施途径进行了综合性的分析和研究。     

Goods in the Anthroposphere as a Metal Emission Source A Case Study of Stockholm,Sweden

The aim of this study was to quantify the diffuse emissionsduring use of metal containing goods in the capital of Sweden,Stockholm. The following metals were studied: Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn).A major part of the metals are found in a protected environmentwhere degrading processes like corrosion are most limited. However, during the lifetime of some goods the metal release to the environment is significant. The quantitatively most dominant emissions were found for Cu and Zn. The tap water system and roofs/fronts (Cu) represent goods with large exposedareas but with relatively small release rates per unit. In contrast, brake linings, aerial lines and electrical grounding (Cu) and tyres, brake linings and chemicals (Zn) are allgoods with high release rates but mostly limited exposed stocks.High yearly emissions are also found for Pb, ammunition andsinkers dominate the calculated emissions totally. For Cr and Ni, stainless steel represent the major part of the stocks, butcorrosion was estimated to give only a minor contribution to the emissions. Potential emission sources, i.e. stabilisers,pigments and plated goods dominate the exposed Cd stock. Theseemissions were not quantified due to lack of data. Hg is currently phased out, but one major source of emission, i.e. the use of amalgam, will be continuously significant for several decades. The importance of the traffic sector is obvious. The emissionsfrom brake linings (Cu, Zn and Pb), tyres (Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni)and asphalt wear (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Pb) are all of large importance for the total emission from respectively metal.     

云南少数民族地区经济社会发展失衡评价及对策研究

云南少数民族地区主要经济社会指标低于全省平均水平,经济社会发展存在很大的不平衡性,而发展失衡容易引发地区性社会风险。对云南少数民族地区经济社会发展失衡程度进行了评价,发现各少数民族地区都存在失衡现象,但各地区失衡程度不一,引发失衡的原因不同。因此,为了促进云南少数民族地区社会经济实现可持续发展,维护社会稳定,促进和谐社会的建立,提出了相应的对策来降低发展过程中的失衡效应。     

城市植物叶面尘粒径和几种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni)的分布特征

为研究城市植物叶面尘粒径及重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni)的分布规律和污染特征,以西安市不同功能区大叶女贞(Ligus-trum lucidum)和小叶女贞(Ligustrum quihoui)叶面尘为研究对象,用激光粒度分析仪测定叶面尘的粒径分布,用原子吸收分光光度计测定叶面尘重金属质量比,并探讨了叶面尘重金属的可能来源。结果表明,大叶女贞和小叶女贞叶面尘粒径小于50μm。前者叶面尘粒径累积曲线呈双峰分布,平均粒径和粒径峰值从大到小为相对清洁区、工业区、居住文教区、交通枢纽区、商业区;后者呈单峰分布,平均粒径和粒径峰值由大到小为工业区、居住文教区、交通枢纽区、商业区和相对清洁区。不同功能区叶面尘中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni有明显的富集,其质量比分别为(325.5±72.6)mg/kg、(3 965.6±1 112.9)mg/kg、(349.2±149.3)mg/kg、(35.3±6.8)mg/kg、(1 182.0±355.1)mg/kg、(324.1±129.5)mg/kg,为陕西省土壤背景值的7.9～20.8、29.7～77.9、2.6～11.1、262.8～489.4、26.4～71.8和6.9～18.9倍。不同功能区2物种叶面尘各重金属质量比差异显著(p<0.001),物种间差异不显著(p>0.05)。叶面尘中Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr的质量比以工业区最高,Cu、Cd以交通枢纽区最高,其次为商业区,居住文教区和相对清洁区负荷最低。研究认为,叶面降尘中的重金属可能来自外源输入。     

Stream and Retention Pond Thermal Response to Heated Summer Runoff From Urban Impervious Surfaces1

Abstract: Runoff from parking lots during summer storms injects surges of hot water into receiving water bodies. We present temperature data collected near urban storm sewer outfalls in Blacksburg, Virginia, using arrays of sensors in a stream and a stormwater pond. Surges occurred roughly a dozen times per month, ranging up to 8.1°C with average duration 2 h in the stream and up to 11.2°C with average duration 7 h in the pond. Surges were larger in the pond due to a larger contributing watershed, no dilution by upstream water, and cool background temperatures near the outfall. Surges began abruptly, warming at rates averaging 0.2°C/min for periods of 5‐20 min. Surges dissipated as they propagated into the water bodies, travelling further in the stream (>19 m) than the pond (～10 m) consistent with greater advection in the stream. Surges were largest and most frequent in the afternoon but occurred at all times of day and night. Stream surges exhibited two phases: an early high‐temperature low‐volume input from the storm sewer and a later low‐temperature high‐volume input from upstream. Surges at the pond did not exhibit two phases, consistent with inputs only from storm sewers. Surges are likely common in urban areas, and may cumulatively have consequences for aquatic organisms, biogeochemical process rates, and even human health. Such effects may be compounded by urban heat islands and climate change, so prevention or mitigation should be considered.     

Understanding consumer behaviour and adaptation planning responses to climate-driven environmental change in Canada's parks and protected areas: a climate futurescapes approach

Parks and protected areas are a global ecological, social and health resource visited by over 8 billion people annually. Their use can yield substantial benefits, but only if a balance between ecological integrity and sustainable visitation is struck. This research explores the potential influence of climate-driven environmental change on visitation to North America's most popular glacier, the Athabasca Glacier in Jasper National Park, Canada. Photorealistic environmental visualizations were used to gauge visitors’ perceptions of environmental change and potential impacts on consumer behaviour. Results suggest that impacts could substantially diminish the site's pull as a tourism destination. Rather than improving visitation prospects, expert-proposed adaptations underestimated the importance of perceived naturalness and contributed to further potential decline. Findings are relevant to protected areas planning and management. They suggest that a natural path to climate change adaptation is the best way to support both ecological integrity and the long-term tourism pull of protected areas.     

湘江子流域重点污染企业影响区土壤重金属镉污染源识别

土壤重金属Cd（镉）是威胁人类健康最严重的重金属污染元素之一.土壤Cd污染来源复杂,明确土壤重金属分布特征,探索重点污染企业影响区土壤重金属源解析方法,对土壤Cd污染防治具有重要意义.2018年5-9月,以湘江流域头山、大河滩两个子流域为研究对象,采用系统布点法,借助2 km×2 km的网格在研究区内均匀布点共计2 638个,分析重点污染企业对土壤Cd污染的影响及w（Cd）的空间分布特征,并借助双变量局部莫兰指数方法（bivariate local Moran's I）、广义加性模型（GAM）量化土壤中w（Cd）与企业分布的空间相关性及不同行业源的贡献率.结果表明:①研究区土壤中w（Cd）为0.032~14.01 mg/kg,平均值（0.63 mg/kg）较高,高值区主要分布在研究区西部,低值区位于研究区东部.②研究区重点污染企业总体聚集程度不高（Moran's I=0.45）,而分行业企业呈显著的高聚集分布（0.88 ≤ Moran's I ≤ 0.97）特征,尤其是冶炼与压延加工业的集聚性最为明显.③土壤中w（Cd）与不同行业的空间相关聚类分析发现,存在较大区域的H-H[土壤w（Cd）高值与企业高密度]聚类分布,说明土壤中w（Cd）受企业分布的影响较大,在企业集聚区存在较多的土壤w（Cd）高值区.④在企业影响区内,土壤w（Cd）分布受行业影响排序依次为采选业>化学品制造业>冶炼和压延加工业>其他行业,其方差解释率分别为51.2%、48.0%、46.2%、19.3%.研究显示,研究区土壤中w（Cd）分布受企业的影响明显,在污染源识别中采选业对土壤Cd污染影响最突出,研究结果可为湘江流域土壤重金属污染防治和企业污染源的管理提供依据.      

京津冀对流层甲醛的时空演变特征及其影响因素

依据2009—2016年OMI卫星反演的逐日数据,结合遥感图像处理技术和克里金插值法,对京津冀地区对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空特征及影响因素进行了分析.结果发现,2009—2016年8年间京津冀地区甲醛柱浓度年际变化总体呈上升趋势,年均增长率为1.01%,最大增长率出现于2009—2010年,为12.91%.8年间,甲醛柱浓度值具有波动性,最低值和最高值分别出现于2009年和2013年.研究区甲醛柱浓度季节变化表现为夏季值秋季值冬季值春季值,甲醛柱浓度月均值在每年的6月达到最高.甲醛柱浓度空间分布的低值区大多处于地势较高的京津冀地区西北部,高值区主要分布在京津冀地区南部平原.甲醛柱浓度变化不仅与自然因素的温度呈显著正相关,与气压呈显著负相关,还与社会经济因素中的煤炭消耗量、原油消耗量及工业增加值等呈正相关.京津冀地区甲醛柱浓度时空特征总体受当地自然和社会经济因素的综合影响.     

昆明市不同功能区排水管道沉积物性质

为了解昆明市主城区排水管道沉积物的性质,调研和采集了居住区、综合服务区、文教区、商业区等不同功能区的排水管道沉积物,分析了沉积物的粒径、密度、有机质(VSS/TSS)和污染物含量等指标,结果表明各功能区沉积物理化性质存在明显差异,粒径大小关系为商业区文教区居住区综合服务区,VSS/TSS的关系为居住区文教区商业区综合服务区,与沉积物干密度呈负相关,与含水率呈正相关;对于COD而言,居住区文教区综合服务区商业区,TN的关系为居住区文教区商业区综合服务区,TP呈现居住区综合服务区文教区商业区的关系,由支管至主干管,沉积物中COD、TN无明显规律,TP略有减小,且TP更易赋存在小颗粒沉积物上;对于重金属而言,商业区污染高于其他3区,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd这4种重金属含量分别是背景值的2.2、4.4、2.5和8.6倍,建议优先控制Cd和Zn.