城市产业集中区环境性能评估体系的构建——基于北京市丰台区案例的探讨

城市产业集中区在推动城市产业发展和人口就业中发挥着重要作用,但其在发展过程中,对周边人口和环境带来的负面影响也越来越突出。鉴于现有研究对城市内部空间的环境效率研究不足,论文从环境性能的概念入手,结合产业集中区环境的复杂性、综合性特征,提出了包括社会经济贡献、环境负荷与环境风险3个维度的环境性能评估指标体系,并对污染源识别、空间单元选择等科学问题进行了探索。以北京市丰台区污染源普查数据、注册企业数据及风险源数据为数据基础,采取空间分析方法,定量评价其环境性能空间差异性。主要研究结果包括：提出了选取城市产业集中区环境性能评估空间单元的原则,并将丰台区划分为1 379个500 m×500 m格网单元,论证了环境性能评估的空间尺度效应,表明在更加精细的格网尺度上有利于探查局部空间分异格局;基于北京市丰台区案例,发现环境负荷高的地区主要集中在太平桥、方庄、西罗园、马家堡等东北部街道;环境性能低值区具有明显的中心城区指向、沿快速环路分布和批发市场指向等特征;根据评估结果建议从产业布局、定点管理、生态空间设置以及人口调控等方面为实施精细化的环境空间管控提供依据。     

Stream and Retention Pond Thermal Response to Heated Summer Runoff From Urban Impervious Surfaces1

Abstract: Runoff from parking lots during summer storms injects surges of hot water into receiving water bodies. We present temperature data collected near urban storm sewer outfalls in Blacksburg, Virginia, using arrays of sensors in a stream and a stormwater pond. Surges occurred roughly a dozen times per month, ranging up to 8.1°C with average duration 2 h in the stream and up to 11.2°C with average duration 7 h in the pond. Surges were larger in the pond due to a larger contributing watershed, no dilution by upstream water, and cool background temperatures near the outfall. Surges began abruptly, warming at rates averaging 0.2°C/min for periods of 5‐20 min. Surges dissipated as they propagated into the water bodies, travelling further in the stream (>19 m) than the pond (～10 m) consistent with greater advection in the stream. Surges were largest and most frequent in the afternoon but occurred at all times of day and night. Stream surges exhibited two phases: an early high‐temperature low‐volume input from the storm sewer and a later low‐temperature high‐volume input from upstream. Surges at the pond did not exhibit two phases, consistent with inputs only from storm sewers. Surges are likely common in urban areas, and may cumulatively have consequences for aquatic organisms, biogeochemical process rates, and even human health. Such effects may be compounded by urban heat islands and climate change, so prevention or mitigation should be considered.     

不同城市功能区地表灰尘Pb水平及粒级行为——以贵阳市为例

本文以我国西南贵州省会城市贵阳为例,对地表按城市功能分区采集灰尘样品,从不同功能区灰尘Pb总量和不同粒级灰尘Pb含量及贡献两个角度探析城市功能对地表灰尘Pb的影响。研究表明,贵阳市地表灰尘Pb平均含量为93.2mg/kg。商贸区和交通区地表灰尘Pb离散度较小,工业区和垃圾站地表灰尘Pb分异较大,住宅区、广场和学校灰尘Pb数据离散度处于中间水平。不同功能区地表灰尘Pb水平存在较大差异,工业区地表灰尘Pb含量显著高于商贸区和垃圾站;广场和学校地表灰尘Pb含量显著高于商贸区和交通区;住宅区Pb含量显著高于交通区。城市功能区从功能和地理位置两个方面影响城区地表灰尘Pb水平。各功能区地表灰尘不同粒级颗粒物中Pb含量存在较大差异,但所有区域地表灰尘中<250μm粒级颗粒物对地表灰尘Pb的贡献基本达到80%。     

基于MO的饮用水源保护区划信息系统的设计与初步实现

应用组件式GIS,数据库技术在VB平台下,结合专业数学应用模型建立饮用水源地信息数据库,并使用MO控件设计并初步开发了饮用水源保护区划信息系统。     

长江口邻近海域表层沉积物中的细菌藿多醇及对低氧区的响应判别

作为新型细菌生物标志物的细菌藿多醇（bacteriohopanepolyols,BHPs）在有机质来源追踪和环境变化响应等方面有明确的指示作用.本文应用高效液相色谱串联大气压化学电离源质谱法（HPLC-APCI-MS）分析,在解析长江口邻近海域表层沉积物中BHPs的组成、分布和来源特征基础上,探讨了BHPs对长江口邻近海域季节性低氧的指示作用.结果表明,长江口邻近海域表层沉积物中共检测出12种BHPs,其含量范围（以TOC计）为3.79~269 μg·g^-1.BHPs以细菌藿四醇（bacteriohopanetetrol,BHT）、2-甲基BHT、氨基BHPs和腺苷藿烷及同系物为主要组分,分别占总量的40%、22%、12%和4%.各组分含量及相应指标呈现出明显的空间变化趋势,其中,主要来源于海洋自生来源的BHT呈现明显的\"离岸增加\"趋势;主要为陆源贡献的腺苷藿烷等土壤标志物BHPs呈现明显的\"离岸降低\"特征.Rsoil指数呈现出与腺苷藿烷等土壤标志物BHPs相似的空间分布格局,其陆源有机质贡献从近岸的61.5%下降至外海的1.66%,表明长江口邻近海域近岸有机质主要为陆源输入,而外海主要为海源贡献.细菌藿四醇同分异构体BHT-Ⅱ来源于厌氧氨氧化细菌,其相对含量的高值区与长江口低氧区分布相一致,且与底层水溶解氧（DO）含量呈显著负相关,表明低氧环境有利于BHT-Ⅱ的生成,BHT-Ⅱ可用于指示海洋低氧区环境特征.     

浅谈淮南矿区采煤沉陷治理新思路

淮南市煤炭资源丰富,随着煤炭的大规模开发,也造成了采煤塌陷地的产生。采煤塌陷地的出现使得矿区耕地数量急剧减少,地质环境受到严重破坏,生态环境受到严重污染,进而引发了一系列社会问题。作为国家首批循环经济试点单位,淮南矿业集团已把建设绿色环保、和谐文明的能源基地归入四大发展战略之中,加大了对采煤沉陷区的综合治理。本论文在总结以往淮南矿区采煤沉陷治理状况的同时,介绍了一些最近涌现出的治理新思路,并从中得到一些企业谋求发展的思考和启发。     

Goods in the Anthroposphere as a Metal Emission Source A Case Study of Stockholm,Sweden

The aim of this study was to quantify the diffuse emissionsduring use of metal containing goods in the capital of Sweden,Stockholm. The following metals were studied: Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn).A major part of the metals are found in a protected environmentwhere degrading processes like corrosion are most limited. However, during the lifetime of some goods the metal release to the environment is significant. The quantitatively most dominant emissions were found for Cu and Zn. The tap water system and roofs/fronts (Cu) represent goods with large exposedareas but with relatively small release rates per unit. In contrast, brake linings, aerial lines and electrical grounding (Cu) and tyres, brake linings and chemicals (Zn) are allgoods with high release rates but mostly limited exposed stocks.High yearly emissions are also found for Pb, ammunition andsinkers dominate the calculated emissions totally. For Cr and Ni, stainless steel represent the major part of the stocks, butcorrosion was estimated to give only a minor contribution to the emissions. Potential emission sources, i.e. stabilisers,pigments and plated goods dominate the exposed Cd stock. Theseemissions were not quantified due to lack of data. Hg is currently phased out, but one major source of emission, i.e. the use of amalgam, will be continuously significant for several decades. The importance of the traffic sector is obvious. The emissionsfrom brake linings (Cu, Zn and Pb), tyres (Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni)and asphalt wear (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Pb) are all of large importance for the total emission from respectively metal.     

普者黑湖滨带恢复与管理对策

普者黑近年由于旅游业快速发展,湖滨带遭到严重侵占和破坏,为恢复湖滨带功能,须尽快对沿岸50m内的农田、鱼塘、农舍实施“三退三还”的生态建设,同时建立一套良好的保护管理措施。     

我国生活饮用水水源保护区的问题研究

我国从 1 984年开始立法建立生活饮用水水源保护区 ,问题很多 ,一方面是现有水源保护区不成功 ,另一方面是水源保护区数量太少。本文运用中外比较研究方法 ,就我国水源保护区的划定划分与政策进行了讨论。