盘锦近岸海域无机氮污染因子削减与预测

通过盘锦海域的海水质量和水文分析,建立盘锦海域潮流场模型。在不同输入条件下,利用潮流场模型对近岸海域的无机氮污染物含量变化响应进行模拟,得出3条河流(辽河、大辽河和大凌河)无机氮削减值,在此条件下可实现近岸海域无机氮达标要求。     

Water supply,waste assimilation,and low-flow issues facing the Southeast Piedmont Interstate-85 urban archipelago

Rapidly growing cities along the Interstate-85 corridor from Atlanta, GA, to Raleigh, NC, rely on small rivers for water supply and waste assimilation. These rivers share commonalities including water supply stress during droughts, seasonally low flows for wastewater dilution, increasing drought and precipitation extremes, downstream eutrophication issues, and high regional aquatic diversity. Further challenges include rapid growth; sprawl that exacerbates water quality and infrastructure issues; water infrastructure that spans numerous counties and municipalities; and large numbers of septic systems. Holistic multi-jurisdiction cooperative water resource planning along with policy and infrastructure modifications is necessary to adapt to population growth and climate. We propose six actions to improve water infrastructure resilience: increase water-use efficiency by municipal, industrial, agricultural, and thermoelectric power sectors; adopt indirect potable reuse or closed loop systems; allow for water sharing during droughts but regulate inter-basin transfers to protect aquatic ecosystems; increase nutrient recovery and reduce discharges of carbon and nutrients in effluents; employ green infrastructure and better stormwater management to reduce nonpoint pollutant loadings and mitigate urban heat island effects; and apply the CRIDA framework to incorporate climate and hydrologic uncertainty into water planning.     

A legal assessment of private land conservation in South America

Privately protected areas (PPAs) are a potentially innovative conservation tool. Legal recognition is necessary for their success, especially where there are institutional challenges to nature conservation, such as in South America. Although PPAs have increased in South America since the early 2000s, there is a critical information gap pertaining to their legal frameworks. We analyzed the level of landowner commitment to and governmental support for PPAs across countries in South America that officially recognize PPAs. We analyzed the legal framework governing PPAs and reviewed literature on them. This process was done in English and Spanish. The information we gathered was validated by 16 conservation experts from 10 South American countries. Because Peru is 1 of only 2 South American countries where local communities create and manage PPAs, we studied Peruvian PPAs in more detail by examining official creation documents and interviewing 13 local conservation professionals. We found inadequate minimum duration of PPAs and vague guidelines for conducting economic activities within them and a lack of governmental support (e.g., financial and technical support) for PPAs. Support was limited to the exemption from rural property taxes, which are relatively low compared with countries outside South America. In Peru, PPAs run by individuals and communities needed different legal frameworks because they were created with different objectives and had different sizes and duration of commitments. The prompt improvement of legal frameworks across South America is necessary for PPAs to achieve their aim of being places for enduring nature conservation in the region.     

A Water Quality Monitoring Network Design Methodology for the Selection of Critical Sampling Points: Part I

The principal instrument to temporally and spatially manage water resources is a water quality monitoring network. However, to date in most cases, there is a clear absence of a concise strategy or methodology for designing monitoring networks, especially when deciding upon the placement of sampling stations. Since water quality monitoring networks can be quite costly, it is very important to properly design the monitoring network so that maximum information extraction can be accomplished, which in turn is vital when informing decision-makers. This paper presents the development of a methodology for identifying the critical sampling locations within a watershed. Hence, it embodies the spatial component in the design of a water quality monitoring network by designating the critical stream locations that should ideally be sampled. For illustration purposes, the methodology focuses on a single contaminant, namely total phosphorus, and is applicable to small, upland, predominantly agricultural-forested watersheds. It takes a number of hydrologic, topographic, soils, vegetative, and land use factors into account. In addition, it includes an economic as well as logistical component in order to approximate the number of sampling points required for a given budget and to only consider the logistically accessible stream reaches in the analysis, respectively. The methodology utilizes a geographic information system (GIS), hydrologic simulation model, and fuzzy logic.     

三氮烯类试剂的合成方法和在环境样品分析中的应用

综述了近10年来三氮烯类试剂的合成方法和在环境样品分析中的应用。按三氮烯类试剂合成的方法进行分类,分别为在亚硝酸钠和盐酸作用下重氮化的试剂,在亚硝酰正离子作用下重氮化的试剂,在亚硝酸正丁脂作用下重氮化的试剂,此类试剂灵敏度高,选择性好,广泛应用于被镉、汞等过渡金属离子污染的环境样品的分析中。     

半干旱地区黑碳气溶胶和含碳气体特征及来源

利用2009年9月~2010年6月兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)多角度吸收分光光度计(MAAP-5012)观测数据、CO和CO2气体成分混合比数据,分析了西北半干旱地区黑碳气溶胶和含碳气体特征、影响源地,以及影响黑碳浓度的排放物类型.结果表明BC、CO、CO2平均浓度分别为1.75μg/m3、601.71×10-9、387.78×10-6.利用后向轨迹模式将从观测站西部和东部输送过来的气流区分开,气流从东部来时,BC、CO、CO2浓度分别为1.38μg/m3、462.79×10-9、383.03×10-6;气流从西部来时,BC、CO、CO2浓度分别为2.2μg/m3、768.38×10-9、393.47×10-6.对500m、1500m、3000m高度气流来向的发源地进行聚类分析,发现3个高度上气流从中东、中亚及欧洲区域传输过来时,BC、CO、CO2浓度较高,△BC/△CO、△CO/△CO2值较大,说明燃料燃烧效率较低;气流从我国华北华中地区传输过来时,BC、CO、CO2浓度较低,△BC/△CO、△CO/△CO2值较小,表明燃料燃烧效率较高.     

能源贫困的识别方法及其应用分析——以云南省怒江州为例

长期以来,学者对中国农村贫困的研究侧重于经济贫困方面,对能源贫困的研究相对不足,而能源贫困恰恰是制约农村地区发展和农户生计资产改善的主要因素。论文从农户的视角出发,借鉴巴西、印度等发展中国家的能源贫困线标准,根据农户调查和访谈,对中国农村能源贫困线进行了综合考量,并最终确定为户均每年消费400 kgce;为科学测度能源贫困状况,提出从能源贫困的广度、深度、差异度三个维度进行定量分析,并构建了各维度的测度方法;以云南省怒江州为案例,利用564 份农户调查问卷,分析了怒江州的能源贫困状况,研究发现,怒江州能源贫困的广度为0.66,能源贫困的深度为0.40,能源贫困的差异度为0.17,能源贫困的综合指数（Sen指数）为0.37,说明怒江州的能源贫困状况是比较严重的,并据此提出了具有针对性的政策建议。     

基于格点数据的西北干旱区极端降水事件分析

根据国家气象信息中心发布的0.5°×0.5°中国地面逐日降水格点数据集,选取最大1 日降水量(RX1day)、最大5 日降水量(RX5day)、R95 极端降水量(R95)、湿天降水量(PRCPTOT)、持续干旱日数(CDD)和日降水强度(SDII)等指数,利用Sen 斜率法、相关分析法等方法分析了1961-2011 年中国西北干旱区极端降水特征,并探讨了各极端降水指数与北极涛动的关系,此外还与早期基于气象台站观测数据的相关研究结果进行了对比。结果表明:在时间尺度上,除CDD显著下降(P<0.01)外,其他指数均呈微弱上升趋势。在空间上,RX1day、RX5day、R95、PRCPTOT和SDII 在研究区内主要呈现西部明显增加、东部微弱减小的趋势,但CDD则整体呈现减小趋势。基于NCAR资料的夏季北极涛动指数与西北干旱区的CDD有很好的相关性(P<0.05),表明夏季北极涛动与该区的干旱事件发生之间存在一定联系。与早期站点数据的研究相比,格点数据覆盖度更好,能更为细致地描述空间变化特征,特别是在天山、阿尔泰山等山区的细节刻画上表现出一定的优势。     

紊流作用下泥沙释放磷的试验及数值模拟

为研究水体紊动对泥沙释放污染物的影响,引入近似均匀紊流模拟装置,开展不同强度紊动作用下泥沙运动释放磷动态过程及基本规律的试验,研究表明:紊动扩散作用对泥沙解吸释放磷有着十分重要的影响,紊动较弱时,泥沙尚未起动,床面泥沙颗粒吸附的磷元素解吸至孔隙水中,在垂向紊动扩散作用下输送至上覆水中,将使得上覆水中溶解态磷浓度增大;紊动作用较强时,泥沙逐渐悬扬至水体中,悬浮泥沙颗粒吸附的磷元素直接解吸至上覆水中,泥沙浓度越高,溶解态磷含量增长速率越大,达到平衡的时间越短.通过耦合紊流模型、水流泥沙数学模型、污染物对流扩散模型和Langmuir吸附动力学方程建立了紊动作用下泥沙释放磷的垂向一维数学模型,针对试验条件进行数值模拟,模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好,平均相对误差低于10%,可为模拟天然水体中泥沙悬浮释放磷的时空演化提供参考.     

城市建筑物对周围土壤中多环芳烃含量与分布的影响

为探讨城市建筑物对其周围土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量与分布的影响,对建筑物勒脚或散水边缘(B)和距建筑物5m(B-5)处20个表层土壤样品中16种优控PAHs进行了检测分析.结果表明,B处土壤中?16PAHs含量为824~8960ng/g,平均为2649ng/g;B-5处土壤中?16PAHs含量为637~1706ng/g,平均为1297ng/g,B处PAHs含量远高于B-5.各样点主要以4环和5环PAHs为主,B处3环PAHs含量高于B-5处.其中?4PAHs(Fl、Pyr、InP和BghiP)含量分别占B和B-5土壤中?16PAHs的48%和45%.参照Maliszewska-Kordybach建立的土壤PAHs污染标准,HJ-5、AJ、AJ-5、EB-5和TC-5属于中等污染程度(600~1000ng/g),其余各样点均属于重度污染(>1000ng/g).B处土壤中TOC相对B-5处有富集趋势,B和B-5处土壤中PAHs与TOC无明显的相关性.BaA、Chry、B(b/k)F、BaP、InP和DahA是B 和B-5处土壤中TEQBaP浓度的主要贡献者.溯源结果表明B和B-5处土壤中PAHs主要来源于煤炭、汽油和柴油的燃烧; B-5土壤中PAHs部分可能来源于石油类的泄漏.