基于GIS的烟台市PM10时空分布与气象因素分析

以2006-2010年的烟台城区PM₁₀监测数据及同期烟台市气象数据为依据,采用ArcGIS分析其时间、空间分布,研究几种气象因素对PM₁₀分布的影响。发现PM₁₀浓度呈现出春、冬季较高,夏、秋季较低的变化趋势,但各区域PM₁₀的变化有一定的不同。在空间上,PM₁₀表现出了一定的污染集中性,且其污染的中心随季度不同会出现移动。烟台城区内PM₁₀浓度分布与风速、湿度具有一定的相关关系,而与气温的关系为非线性。     

岩溶地区地下水环境监测难点及解决思路

基于岩溶地区地下水分布特征,结合岩溶地区地下水监测现状,分析了岩溶地区地下水环境质量监测工作中所面临的问题和困难。提出了关于岩溶地区地下水监测的思考和建议,为岩溶地区地下水环境监测提供技术指导。     

灰色理论及其模型在北京典型城市区域声环境研究中的应用

以北京市某典型区域作为研究对象,在收集大量相关资料与实测历史噪声数据的基础上,对研究区域内的声环境质量影响因素进行灰色关联度分析,并运用灰色理论建立GM（1,1）模型进行预测。结果表明,影响城市区域声环境质量因素从大到小的排序依次为：机动车辆﹥常住人口数量﹥平均车流量﹥地区生产总值﹥城市道路桥梁﹥基础设施投资﹥治理噪声环保投资;以研究区域内噪声污染实测历史数据建立的GM（1,1）模型精度符合要求标准,根据GM（1,1）模型预测北京市“十二五”期间声环境质量达标且有轻微下降趋势。     

石家庄市典型乡镇饮用水源地环境调查与分析

通过调查“十一五”期间石家庄市县级行政区典型乡镇集中式饮用水水源地开展基础环境状况,了解典型乡镇饮用水水源地属性、水质水量状况以及饮用水水源地保护区划分情况,分析研究影响石家庄市典型乡镇饮用水水源水质的主要因素,针对饮用水水源地环境问题进行评估并对乡镇集中式饮用水水源地监管能力建设情况、环境管理制度执行情况提出相关建议及对策。     

中国西部城市化基本特征分析——以新疆为例

本文以新疆为例,探讨了新疆城市化的基本特征和规律,总结经验教训,以朝正确认识西部地区城市化的基本特征,从而为西部大开发中城市化发展战略的制定提供有价值的借鉴和参考。     

Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a key topic in conservation and agricultural research. Decision makers need evidence-based information to design sustainable management plans and policy instruments. However, providing objective decision support can be challenging because realities and perceptions of human–wildlife interactions vary widely between and within rural, urban, and peri-urban areas. Land users who incur costs through wildlife argue that wildlife-related losses should be compensated and that prevention should be subsidized. Supporters of human–wildlife coexistence policies, such as urban-dwelling people, may not face threats to their livelihoods from wildlife. Such spatial heterogeneity in the cost and benefits of living with wildlife is germane in most contemporary societies. This Special Section features contributions on wildlife-induced damages that range from human perspectives (land use, psychology, governance, local attitudes and perceptions, costs and benefits, and HWC and coexistence theory) to ecological perspectives (animal behavior). Building on current literature and articles in this section, we developed a conceptual model to help frame HWC and coexistence dimensions. The framework can be used to determine damage prevention implementation levels and approaches to HWC resolution. Our synthesis revealed that inter- and transdisciplinary approaches and multilevel governance approaches can help stakeholders and institutions implement sustainable management strategies that promote human–wildlife coexistence.     

城乡污染转移的利益悖论及对策研究

污染从城市向农村的转移加剧了农村生态环境问题,已经成为制约农村经济发展的主要瓶颈之一。城乡污染转移是城乡经济主体为实现自身利益相互博弈的结果,本质是一个政治经济学问题。本文利用政治经济学研究方法,分别剖析了城乡家庭、企业和政府的利益诉求及其在污染问题中的行为选择,解释了城乡污染转移的可能性和必然性,在此基础上进一步研究了污染转移所导致的利益悖论,并对悖论形成的深层原因进行挖掘,进而提出城乡污染协同治理的政策建议。研究表明,城乡污染转移表面上看是经济主体利益最大化的理性选择:农村家庭受经济发展水平、信息获取能力和政策影响能力的限制,更注重短期经济利益而忽略长期环境利益;乡镇企业和污染企业对经济利益的追逐加快了城乡污染转移;地方政府为实现当地区域利益所采取的重城市轻乡村战略和政府之间的利益冲突也为污染转移提供了助力。事实上,城乡污染转移违背了经济发展的一般规律,形成污染转移的利益悖论:转移到农村的污染危害农业生产、进而损害城乡人力资本,有悖于长期经济增长;加剧农村生态资源退化、扩大城乡差距,有悖于区域协调发展;污染转移是城市对农村、当代人对后代人环境容量的剥削,有悖于环境的公平。认为:经济主体长期利益和短期利益的矛盾、城乡区域利益和整体利益的冲突以及制度供给不足和制度监管缺位是造成污染转移悖论的深层原因。在此基础上,提出了化解污染转移悖论的对策建议:统筹规划,实现长期利益和短期利益的统一;整合城乡,促进区域利益和整体利益协同;强化制度创新,完善制度供给;完善制度监管,提高执行效率;促进技术创新,减少污染排放。     

土地利用变化下沿海地区吸附态磷负荷动态变化研究

吸附态磷是主要的面源污染物之一,它会导致水域环境质量恶化,是水体富营养化的重要污染源。科学估算吸附态磷污染负荷能够为治理沿海地区非点源污染,保护海洋生态安全提供理论依据。以遥感影像、降雨监测资料等多源数据为基础,综合考虑土壤侵蚀、泥沙输移率、磷富集系数等影响因子,构建吸附态磷负荷估算模型,估算了江苏沿海地区2000~2010年吸附态磷负荷量,分析了不同土地利用背景下吸附态磷负荷的动态变化特征,结果显示:(1)2000~2010年,江苏沿海地区吸附态磷负荷明显增加,平均吸附态磷负荷模数由105.89 kg/km2·a增长至201.67 kg/km2·a,吸附态磷负荷总量由3 284t增长至6 255t。(2)10 a间,研究区的吸附态磷负荷热点面积减小,呈现出收敛聚集的态势,但热点区的吸附态磷负荷总量却明显增加,说明研究区内吸附态磷负荷的空间极化现象更为显著。(3)10 a间,各土地利用类型的平均吸附态磷负荷模数都显著增长,不同土地利用背景下吸附态磷负荷总量排序为水田旱地林地草地未利用地园地。研究结果表明,不同土地利用背景下吸附态磷负荷存在显著差异,且不同土地利用类型相互转化时,吸附态磷负荷也随之发生变化,可通过调整土地利用结构,优化景观格局,减少和控制磷污染的发生。     

Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate: A Review of Threats and Implications for Conservation Planning in Myanmar

High levels of species richness and endemism make Myanmar a regional priority for conservation. However, decades of economic and political sanctions have resulted in low conservation investment to effectively tackle threats to biodiversity. Recent sweeping political reforms have placed Myanmar on the fast track to economic development—the expectation is increased economic investments focused on the exploitation of the country’s rich, and relatively intact, natural resources. Within a context of weak regulatory capacity and inadequate environmental safeguards, rapid economic development is likely to have far-reaching negative implications for already threatened biodiversity and natural-resource-dependent human communities. Climate change will further exacerbate prevailing threats given Myanmar’s high exposure and vulnerability. The aim of this review is to examine the implications of increased economic growth and a changing climate within the larger context of biodiversity conservation in Myanmar. We summarize conservation challenges, assess direct climatological impacts on biodiversity and conclude with recommendations for long-term adaptation approaches for biodiversity conservation.     

Poverty,development, and Himalayan ecosystems

The Himalayas are rich in biodiversity but vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures. They are also host to growing number of rural poor who are dependent on forest and ecosystem services for their livelihood. Local and global efforts to integrate poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in the Himalayas remain elusive so far. In this work, we highlight two key impediments in achieving sustainable development in the Himalayas. On the positive side, we also highlight the work of Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), a research organization based in India that seeks to integrate biodiversity concerns with livelihood security. For impediments, we draw on two examples from the Darjeeling district, India, in Eastern Himalayan region to illustrate how development organizations are failing to simultaneously address poverty and environmental issues. Based on the success of ATREE, we then propose a conceptual framework to integrate livelihood generating activities with sustainable and equitable development agenda. We recommend developing a Hindu-Kush Himalayan Ecosystem Services Network in the region to formulate a strategy for further action. We conclude by offering measures to address the challenge of integrating livelihood and environment issues through this network.