中药三七中5种微量元素的含量及健康风险

为了解三七中Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Se人体微量元素的含量,并客观评价这5种微量元素对长期服用三七药品的患者的健康风险,在三七的产区及周边市县进行采样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对三七中这5种微量元素的含量进行测定,并采用点推定和概率推定对各元素的非致癌风险危害商值(HQ)值进行评估,结果发现三七中5种微量元素的平均含量分别为1375.84,108.31,1213.62, 0.16,21.99mg/kg,表现出Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Se的高低顺序,HQ值大小顺序为Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Se. HQ值均小于1,提示针对各元素,一般消费者不存在非致癌健康风险.然而,Fe,Al,Mn的日摄入量分别为0.09573,0.10759,0.00832mg/(kg·d),超出了来源于药物的微量元素的经口允许摄入量,应该加以控制.对危害指数(HI)的概率推定结果显示,5.19%的三七服用者对这5种微量元素的暴露具有非致癌健康风险.     

北京大气降尘中微量元素的空间变异

在北京市六环内均匀布点采集了城市核心区、城市扩展区、近郊区的大气降尘.对降尘中14种稀土元素(Y、Pm除外)以及Cr、Co、Mo、Cd、Pb等5种重金属元素的化学特征进行统计分析,并结合判别分析和Spearman相关分析方法阐释了影响各区域空间变异的主要元素.最后利用三角图解法揭示空间差异的成因.结果表明,各元素含量在空间上具有明显的阶梯变化,Cr、Mo、Cd、Pb含量沿城市核心区向近郊区方向呈递减趋势,Co与14种稀土元素含量的梯度变化特征则恰好相反,由市中心向外围郊区呈递增趋势.轻稀土富集程度表现为城市核心区>城市扩展区>近郊区,Eu亏损程度相反.Mo、Co、Pb元素可用来表征区域降尘的空间差异(68.2%).LaCeSm三角图解表明北京降尘主要来源于壳源物质.PbCoMo和CrCoMo三角图解可以很好地解释不同污染源贡献程度的差别是造成降尘中微量元素在空间尺度上的差异的原因.近郊区降尘受到土壤扬尘、燃煤的影响较大.城市核心区降尘主要受到交通排放的影响.城市扩展区处于过渡带,降尘受到交通、燃煤、土壤扬尘等的影响作用居中.     

基于非结构模糊决策支持系统的建筑施工安全管理体系研究

基于建筑施工特点和前人的研究,确定建筑施工的安全管理要素及决策准则。运用非结构模糊决策支持系统确定建筑施工安全管理体系中各要素的权重,从而对各要素进行优先级排序。研究结果表明:建筑施工安全管理体系中各要素优先级排序为事故隐患排查与治理、现场监督、安全宣传、各级管理人员参与、安全教育培训、安全审查、建立健全安全政策。该研究为建筑企业进行资源优化配置提供了重要的依据。     

煤矿企业对安全创造效益认知水平的测量结果与分析

为探讨煤矿企业对安全创造效益认知水平的现状,为企业的安全投入提供方向和思路参考,通过测量国内7个煤炭集团的34个样本煤矿的安全文化水平量值,利用SPSS软件对测量数据进行分析。结果表明,样本煤矿企业在"安全创造经济效益"方面的总体量值水平约占世界较好企业的94%,相差5.6分;四类人员总体平均值都低于世界较好企业,分别相差4.176分、3.521分、7.265分和5.859分;"安全创造经济效益"与"伤亡事故可预防程度"和"安全部门的工作"非常显著相关;安全业绩和安全文化元素得分方面呈现一定的正相关关系。     

武汉市某区域大气颗粒物的测定与分析

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对TSP环境样品和尘源样品中的S、Si、Ti、Al、As、Ca、Pb、V等30余个元素组份进行分析并计算出各元素的含量,得到本区域大气环境TSP和污染尘源元素特征谱,并通过比较微波消解与加热消解两种方法的优劣,确定出较适应消解方法.结果表明,该区域中的A区污染源主要来自道路交通尘源和土壤尘源,B区污染源来自土壤尘源和建筑尘源.     

Alterations in some renal parameters of rats induced by aqueous soil extracts

Soil ingestion can be an important route of exposure to contaminants present in the environment. This study examined the effects of exposure to contaminants in aqueous soil extracts from an industrial urban settlement in renal biochemical parameters of treated rats. Male Wistar rats were gavaged with an aqueous soil extract, from the municipality of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil. After exposure, plasma and urine concentrations and plasma protein were assessed compared to rats treated with aqueous soil from relatively unpolluted site (control soil). There was increase in plasma creatinine and total protein in urine, and a decreased glomerular filtration rate in treated rats compared to control. It is possible that Cd, Cr, As, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni analyzed in the soil samples and unidentified components may have provoked the observed changes in renal biochemistry of the exposed rat. This may suggest that exposure to contaminated soils can cause damage to the viscera in mammals and it is of public health importance.     

Measurement of the leaching behaviour of granular solid wastes

Leaching of granular solids can be described in terms of specific mass transfer functions of a simple mathematical form.

The parameters can be determined by column leaching experiments under well known flow conditions.

Initially available concentrations are obtained from batch experiments at high dilution. Total concentrations in the solids are determined independently to calculate the available fractions.

The determination of the flow pattern is done by radiotracer measurements. Leachates are analyzed by various analytical methods including AAS and INAA. Total concentrations in the solids are determined by INAA preferably.     

Factors affecting the distribution of trace elements in harbour sediments

A large number of data (n=488) were acquired from 2003 to 2006 for five Italian harbours and three control areas to determine trace element (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cr, and Ni) levels in sediments. Results were utilised to evaluate, on a multivariate statistical basis, pollution levels, significant relationships between observed levels and specific factors, and enrichment factors. Of the factors tested, main human use of harbour, was best able to determine segregations in the observed trace element fingerprints. Compared with the concentration limit approach, the evaluation of enrichment factors, even if affected by mathematical approximations, represented a useful tool for environmental studies, allowing evaluation of the presence of sediments enriched by human activities and reducing the occurrence of both false positives and false negatives due to natural differences in aluminosilicate levels.     

Roe and red deer as bioindicators of heavy metals contamination in north-western Poland

The present paper examines the degree of environmental contamination in areas covered by the Natura 2000 programme, located in north-western Poland, with selected heavy metals based on their concentration in target organs of roe and red deer. Lead, cadmium, copper, iron, and zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Residues of lead and cadmium were found in most of the analysed samples of roe and red deer organs The concentration of cadmium in the organs of the animals studied was much higher than that of lead. The median for Pb in liver and kidneys was 0.055 and 0.092 μg/g dry weight (d.w.) in roe deer, and 0.067 and 0.081 μg/g d.w. in red deer, respectively. The median for liver and kidney cadmium was 0.770 and 6.139 μg/g d.w. in roe deer, and 0.422 and 6.365 μg/g d.w. in red deer, respectively. Our study has demonstrated that this area is laden with lead and cadmium. This is evidenced by the fact that maximum permissible levels of these elements in the organs of red and roe deer, which were used as bioindicators of environmental contamination, were exceeded.     

Rare earth elements distribution in seawater and suspended particulate of the Central Mediterranean Sea

Rare earth element (REE) content in suspended and dissolved phases from the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) has been measured. Vertical profiles of several dissolved REEs along the water column reflect the 3-D oceanographic features of the studied area and identifies the different water masses present there. Shale-normalized REE distribution patterns and derived parameters calculated for the suspended particulate show different atmospheric dust-surface inputs and their interactions with seawater. Finally, combined information from [La/Yb]_N, ratios, REE/La ratios and Eu anomalies measured in the suspended particulate suggest an important contribution of volcanic materials from the Etna volcano and Saharan dust to the lithogenic fraction of the suspended particulate.