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1.
厦门西港海水质量对鱼卵胚胎发育畸形率的影响 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
以养殖场培育的花尾胡椒鲷受精卵为实验材料测试了厦门西域5个站位的表层水水样对花尾胡椒鲷受精卵的胚胎发育毒性,并运用GC-MS手段分析了水样中的美国EPA优控的16PAHs组分的含量。结果表明:3号站位(厦门市工业和生活污水主要排放口的外侧)和4号站位(厦门西港的港区)的水样对鱼卵的胚胎发育的毒性最强。8号站位(位于主航道并濒临嵩屿电厂)的水样对鱼卵胚胎发良的毒性次之,1号站位(湾口)和5号站位(内港)的水样对鱼卵的胚胎发育的毒性较小。水样中的PAHs含量分析结果表明,仅用水样中的PAHs含量不能全面地反映水样对鱼卵胚胎发育的毒性。最后,对本实验方法应用于海洋环境生物监测的有效性进行了探讨。 相似文献
2.
为了探究重金属单独及联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)繁殖的影响及其作用机制,采用96孔板液相暴露试验,以环境相关浓度(0.1~50.0 μg/L)的Cd、Hg、Pb暴露同步化处理秀丽隐杆线虫,24 h后统计其怀卵数及阴门畸形率,以及连续记录72 h内子一代秀丽隐杆线虫的个体数,最后利用2×2析因设计方差分析阐明重金属的两两联合作用模式. 结果表明:与对照组相比,Cd、Hg、Pb单独及联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖具有显著抑制作用,ρ(Cd)为50.0 μg/L、ρ(Hg)为10.0 μg/L、ρ(Pb)为50.0 μg/L暴露组秀丽隐杆线虫子一代数量分别降低了43.5%、33.8%、51.0%;Cd-Hg暴露组〔当ρ(Cd)、ρ(Hg)分别为50.0、10.0 μg/L时〕、Hg-Pb暴露组〔当ρ(Hg)、ρ(Pb)分别为10.0、50.0 μg/L时〕、Cd-Pb暴露组〔当ρ(Cd)、ρ(Pb)分别为50.0、50.0 μg/L时〕秀丽隐杆线虫子一代个体数分别降低了44.7%、61.0%、53.3%. 进一步研究发现,Cd、Hg、Pb单独及联合暴露会引起秀丽隐杆线虫子宫内受精卵数量降低以及产卵器阴门结构畸形率升高. 2×2析因设计方差分析结果发现,Cd、Hg、Pb两两联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖表现为没有交互作用或者交互方式为拮抗. 研究显示,秀丽隐杆线虫子宫内怀卵数的降低是其子一代数量显著减少的主要原因,而阴门结构的损伤可能使产卵行为受损,从而进一步加剧重金属对秀丽隐杆线虫繁殖的抑制作用. 相似文献
3.
Germano L. D. Leite Paula D. de Paulo José C. Zanuncio Anarelly C. Alvarenga Luan R. Dourado 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(1):70-76
Selective agrochemicals including herbicides that do not affect non-target organisms such as natural enemies are important in the integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the herbicide toxicity, selectivity and hormesis of nicosulfuron, recommended for the corn Zea mays L. (Poaceae) crop, on 10 Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species. A female of each Trichogramma spp. or Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis, 1972 was individually placed in plastic test tubes (no choice) with a cardboard containing 45 flour moth Anagasta ( = Ephestia) kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. Parasitism by these natural enemies was allowed for 48 h and the cardboards were sprayed with the herbicide nicosulfuron at 1.50 L.ha?1, along with the control (only distilled water). Nicosulfuron reduced the emergence rate of Trichogramma bruni Nagaraja, 1983 females, but increased that of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879, Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes and Smith, 1984 and T. annulata females. Conversely, this herbicide increased the emergence rate of Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead, 1904, T. bruni, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 and Trichogramma soaresi Nagaraja, 1983 males and decreased those of T. acacioi, Trichogramma atopovilia Oatman and Platner, 1983 and T. pretiosum males. In addition, nicosulfuron reduced the sex ratio of T. galloi, Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, 1973 and T. pretiosum and increased that of T. acacioi, T. bruni, T. annulata, Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, 1983, T. soaresi and T. brasiliensis. The herbicide nicosulfuron was “harmless” (class 1, <30% reduction) for females and the sex ratio of all Trichogrammatidae species based on the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) classification. The possible hormesis effect of nicosulfuron on Trichogrammatidae species and on the bacterium Wolbachia sp. (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) was also discussed. 相似文献
4.
This study reports on the effect of microwave radiation for inactivation of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in 25 g of soil compared to ultraviolet irradiation and ozone expose. Microwave radiation at 700 W with 14% water content (w/w) achieved approximately 2.5 log inactivation of eggs in soil within 60 s. On the other hand, UV irradiation at 3 mW cm−2 with and without shaking soil for 3600 s achieved approximately 0.32 and 0.01 log inactivation of eggs, respectively. In ozone treatment, 0.13 log inactivation of eggs was achieved with 5.8 ± 0.7 mg L−1 of dissolved ozone dose for 30 min in a continuous diffusion reactor. In addition, the inactivation of eggs by three disinfection techniques was conducted in water in order to compare the inactivation efficiency of eggs in soil. The inactivation efficiency of microwave radiation was found to be no significant difference between in soil and water. However, the inactivation efficiency of UV irradiation was significantly increased in water while in ozone expose there was no significant difference between in soil and water. Microwave treatment thus proved to be the most efficient method in controlling A. lumbricoides eggs in soil. 相似文献
5.
基于卫星夜间灯光数据的中国分省碳排放时空模拟 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国能源统计数据"横向不可比,纵向不可加"现象依然突出,尤其是分省能源消费统计千差万别,给分省碳排放评估带来了较大困难,如何利用卫星遥感数据科学合理地估算中国分省碳排放是当前亟须研究的问题。本文运用DMSP/OLS全球稳定夜间灯光数据,在通过相互校正、年内融合和年际间校正等系列处理得到中国分省稳定夜间灯光数据的基础上,首先分别构建中国分省稳定夜间灯光亮度DN值与人均碳排放和单位面积碳排放之间的时空地理加权回归模型,两个模型整体效果均较好,拟合优度分别高达96.74%和99.24%;其次运用稳定夜间灯光亮度DN值对分省人均碳排放和单位面积碳排放进行时空模拟;最后运用人口规模和土地面积对分省碳排放进行估算。估算结果显示:(1)整体来看,2000—2013年年均碳排放模拟值与实际值6.3349×109t较为接近,两个模型的相对误差均在0.5%以内。(2)分年度来看,所有年份的相对误差均在5%以内,2006年分省加总碳排放模拟值与实际碳排放6.2036×109t最为接近,绝对误差和相对误差均较小,两个模型模拟值的相对误差均为0.04%。(3)分省域来看,2000—2013年年均碳排放模拟值与实际碳排放均非常接近,除海南和宁夏外,其余28个省区市的相对误差均在1%以内。(4)分年度分省域来看,以2013年为例,40%省份的相对误差在2%以内,70%省份的相对误差在5%以内。从整体、分年度、分省域、分年度分省域的估算结果来看,基于稳定夜间灯光数据的中国分省碳排放时空模拟效果良好。因此,运用卫星夜间灯光数据可以较为准确地对中国分省碳排放进行估算和预测,为卫星遥感影像数据服务分省碳排放监测和评估提供一种补充性参考。 相似文献
6.
Jianli Xiao Jun Zhu Senyu Chen Weibin Ruan Curtis Miller 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):749-757
Experiments were carried out in two steps to determine the effect of anaerobically digested swine manure on soybean cyst nematode (SCN) egg control. In the first step, liquid swine manure underwent anaerobic digestion to search for the best digestion time for both volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +) enrichment. The results showed that about 17 and 28 days of incubation were needed, respectively, to reach the maximal levels of VFA and NH4 + in the manure. In the second step, raw, VFA-enriched, and NH4 +-enriched manure were applied separately, at four different rates (25, 50, 100, and 200 mL/pot), to soil pots inoculated with nematode eggs in a greenhouse environment. Soil samples were collected 35 and 61 days after inoculation to determine the effect of such treated manure on SCN egg productivity. The data indicated that the SCN egg counts were inversely related to the manure application rates in a linear manner with correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.967, and 0.900 for raw, NH4 +-enriched, and VFA-enriched manure for the 35-day samples. While no such relationships were found for the 61-day samples, implying that none of the treatments were still effective 61 days after application. At the four application rates, the VFA-enriched manure performed best in reducing SCN egg counts (by 18.1, 19.5, 34.3, and 18.6%) as compared to the raw manure treatment. In contrast, the NH4 +-enriched manure achieved mostly negative reductions. To achieve the best control of SCN egg growth, the VFA-enriched manure should be used and applied to soybean fields every 35 days. 相似文献
7.
Henrieta Arpasova Marcela Capcarova Anna Kalafova Norbert Lukac Jaroslav Kovacik Grzegorz Formicki 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):913-918
In this study the effects of nickel (NiCl2) administered in drinking water (0.02; 0.2 and 2.0 mg NiCl2/L for 28 days) on laying hen body weight, egg production and egg quality is reported. Growth parameters during the experiment were significantly decreased mainly in the group with the highest nickel concentration. In total egg production dose–dependent decrease in all experimental groups was found. Egg weight was mainly affected in the group with the highest nickel concentration. Specific egg weight was not altered. Albumen weight and albumen content was significantly decreased in groups with the highest nickel concentration in comparison with the control group. Egg yolk analysis detected significantly decreased yolk weight in the group with the highest nickel experimental level. In yolk color a significant difference was detected between the group receiving 0.02 and 0.2 mg NiCl2/mL. Eggshell compactness was increased in all experimental groups what could be induced by altered mineralization of eggshell. Results of this study clearly report a negative effect of nickel as an environmental pollutant on laying hen body weight, egg production as well as egg quality. 相似文献
8.
Jesús M. Avilés Bård G. Stokke Arne Moksnes Eivin Røskaft Anders P. Møller 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(3):475-485
The outer layer of the eggshell in birds is in many cases covered by pigments that are assumed to be genetically determined traits with a negligible environmental component. To test the hypothesis that spring environmental conditions (i.e., temperature and rainfall) may affect bird egg pigmentation, we measured by spectrophotometry and photography egg coloration and spottiness on reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus L.) clutches parasitized by the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus L.) collected over a period of 24 years and preserved in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. In addition, we investigated whether spring environmental conditions may influence the coevolutionary relationship between the cuckoo and its host via changes in cuckoo–host egg matching. Generalized mixed models revealed that reed warbler eggs were more brilliant in those springs with a higher rainfall and tended to be bluer and greener in springs with a lower relative temperature. On the other hand, cuckoo eggs were bluer and greener in springs with a higher rainfall. Cuckoo–host egg matching in blue-greenness and spottiness was better in springs with a higher rainfall. These results provide support for the existence of an environmental component on bird egg coloration and suggest that environmental factors may potentially affect the outcome of important features of the arms race between cuckoos and reed warblers. 相似文献
9.
JOSÉ A. DÍAZ§ JAVIER PÉREZ-TRIS† JOSÉ L. TELLERÍA ROBERTO CARBONELL‡ TOMÁS SANTOS 《Conservation biology》2005,19(5):1578-1585
Abstract: We studied the effect of habitat fragmentation on female reproductive investment in a widespread lacertid lizard ( Psammodromus algirus ) in a mixed-forest archipelago of deciduous and evergreen oak woods in northern Spain. We captured gravid females in fragments (≤10 ha) and forests (≥ 200 ha) and brought them to the laboratory, where they laid their eggs. We incubated the eggs and released the first cohort of juveniles into the wild to monitor their survival. Females from fragments produced a smaller clutch mass and laid fewer eggs (relative to mean egg mass) than females of similar body size from forests. Lizards did not trade larger clutches for larger offspring, however, because females from fragments did not lay larger eggs (relative to their number) than females from forests. Among the first cohort of juveniles, larger egg mass and body size increased the probability of recapture the next year. Thus, fragmentation decreased the relative fecundity of lizards without increasing the quality of their offspring. Reduced energy availability, increased predation risk, and demographic stochasticity could decrease the fitness of lizards in fragmented habitats, which could contribute to the regional scarcity of this species in agricultural areas sprinkled with small patches of otherwise suitable forest. Our results show that predictable reduction of reproductive output with decreasing size of habitat patches can be added to the already known processes that cause inverse density dependence at low population numbers. 相似文献
10.
P. Kirk Visscher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(4):237-244
Using electrophoretic markers, eggs laid by workers were identified in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies with a queen. Based on extrapolation, these represented about 7% of the unfertilized (male) eggs laid in the colonies.
A very small proportion of workers (of the order of 0.01%) lay these eggs. Worker-laid eggs are rapidly removed, so that very
few sons of workers are reared. Thus the reproductive cooperation in bee colonies is maintained by ongoing antagonistic interactions
among the members of the colony, with worker laying and egg removal policing by other workers being relatively common.
Received: 24 November 1995/Accepted after revision: 25 May 1996 相似文献