不同年龄夜鹭卵中有机氯农药污染的生物指示

通过对太湖鼋头渚 2 0 0 0年采集的二龄、三龄和四龄夜鹭卵以及相应年龄组夜鹭的捕食物中有机氯残留的检测 ,发现捕食物中HCH和DDT的平均残留量随年龄增加而增加 .除γ HCH外 ,其它 15种有机氯农药在卵样中均有检出 ,残留水平最高的为p ,p′ DDE ,占有机氯农药残留总量的 85 %以上 .β HCH是六六六类中持留性最强的组分 ,其残留量仅次于p ,p′ DDE .研究发现 ,p ,p DDT和 β HCH检出率为 10 0 % ,而其它类型农药只有很低的检出率 ,这与我国有机氯农药使用的历史情况相吻合 .随着亲鸟年龄增加 ,卵中 β HCH残留量有所提高 ,p ,p′ DDE残留量似有先升后稍降的趋势 .统计结果表明 :各年龄组有机氯残留量差异不明显 ,因此在用夜鹭卵作有机氯污染的生物指示时可以不考虑年龄差异所带来的影响 .     

鼋头渚不同年龄夜鹭卵中多氯联苯污染状况及分布特征

通过对太湖鼋头渚2000年采集的2龄、3龄和4龄夜鹭所产卵中15种多氯联苯同系物残留状况的研究,发现所有样品中均检出多氯联苯,残留量最高的为PCB₁₁₈,PCB₈₇,PCB₁₀₁和PCB₁₅₃,占PCBs残留量的75%～85%.含5～6个氯原子的同系物在夜鹭卵中的PCBs残留量明显高于其它类型的同系物.同时,多氯联苯残留量随亲鸟年龄增加而明显增加.4龄卵样分别比3龄、2龄卵样中PCBs残留量高出47.5%和60.9%.统计处理结果表明:多氯联苯残留总量与亲鸟年龄呈正相关(p=0.05).PCBs总量与亲鸟年龄呈正相关(p=0.05).与欧美日等国家同类研究结果中PCB₁₅₃残留量最高的情况略有不同,本研究在夜鹭卵中发现残留量最高的是PCB₁₁₈,占PCBs残留总量的30%左右,PCB₁₅₃含量仅为PCBs残留总量的17%左右.     

多功能再生混凝土球型路障试验研究

针对现行交通路障存在的问题,在前期试验研究的基础上,研究开发了多功能再生混凝土球型路障,不但可有效利用废弃混凝土、节约天然石材资源,还具备防撞击、夜间可视性好等安全功能,具有良好的社会效益、环境效益和经济效益。     

西北地区昼夜增温的不对称性对植被动态的影响

全球变暖有很大的差异性,表现在昼夜增温速度和各个季节的温度增加的速率具有不一致性,夜间增温的速度要快于白天增温的速度,夜间气温的增温对植被变化的影响更为明显。文章利用34年逐月最高温、最低温以及降水量数据,用一元线性回归分析法、反距离权重插值以及二阶偏相关分析法,分析了西北地区白天和夜间气温的非对称时空变化和非对称增温趋势对植被动态的影响,结果表明:西北地区昼夜温度都呈现出上升的趋势,且上升趋势比较明显,白天增温的速度和夜间增温的速度呈现出不对称性,夜间温度升高的速率是白天温度升高速率的1.2倍,昼夜的温差呈现出减小的趋势;西北地区昼夜增温趋势存在不一致性,白天气温的增温速率在-0.02-0.11℃?a-1,夜间气温的增温速率在-0.06-0.2℃?a-1。tmax和tmin在绝大部分地区都呈现上升趋势,但在空间变化的区域上具有不对称性;西北地区植被生长对昼夜增温的响应具有明显的空间差异性,大部分地区的植被对昼夜增温表现为积极的响应,夜间增温对植被的影响要比白天增温对植被的影响是比较明显的;白天和夜间增温的不对称性影响着不同类型的植被,白天气温的升高有利于针叶林植被、草地和阔叶林植被的生长,而夜间气温的升高对灌丛和荒漠植被的生长有积极的影响。     

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in local waterbird eggs from Hong Kong: risk assessment to local waterbirds

The contamination status of the marine environment in Hong Kong was studied by measuring concentrations of organochlorine (OC) pollutants (i.e., hexachlorobenzene, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, mirex, total heptachlor, total chlordane, total DDTs, total PCBs, and total toxaphenes) in the eggs of selected waterbird species from different locations around the city: Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) and Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus) from Mai Po Village, Great Egret (Ardea alba) and Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) from A Chau, and Chinese Pond Heron (A. bacchus) from Ho Sheung Heung. The mean concentrations of total PCBs and total DDTs ranged from 191-11 100 ng g⁻¹ lipid and 453-49 000 ng g⁻¹ lipid, respectively. Recent exposure of waterbirds to technical chlordane was found in Hong Kong. The risk characterization demonstrated potential risks to birds associated with exposure to DDE, which was found to cause a reduction in survival of young in Hong Kong Ardeids based on the endpoint in the risk assessment.     

新型复合混凝吸附药剂对无铅皮蛋废水的处理

皮蛋废水水质相当复杂,既属于含重金属离子废水,又属于中等浓度含盐有机废水.针对皮蛋废水特点,采用混凝+吸附方法预处理皮蛋废水,将PAC与粉煤灰按2:5的投加比混合复制成一种新型复合混凝吸附剂,通过正交实验考察了复合药剂的较佳处理条件.结果表明,在投加量为5 g/L,pH为6.5左右,搅拌时间约为14 min,处理温度为...     

我国东部沿海三大城市群热岛变化及其与城市群发展的关系

随着城市化进程的快速推进,城市群已经成为区域空间的重要组织形式.为揭示我国东部沿海京津唐、长三角和珠三角三大城市群热岛变化与城市群发展的关系,利用MODIS地表温度产品数据和DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,对2001-2013年这3个城市群的热岛效应与区域发展二者之间的关系进行研究.结果表明:2001-2013年,3个城市群的热岛斑块面积均有较大幅度的增加,并且在空间上逐渐相连接,形成热岛城市带;RHⅡ（区域热岛指数）不断升高,京津唐城市群、长三角城市群、珠三角城市群分别升高0.051、0.070、0.101,其热岛状况不断加剧.随着城市群的发展,城区对周边区域的辐射作用不断加强,建成区边缘的城郊过渡带是地表温度增加最为显著的区域.总体而言,城市群的扩展是其区域热岛效应的主要成因,表征城市扩展变化的夜间灯光亮度平均值差值与表征热岛变化的地表温度平均值差值之间存在对数关系,表现出先快后慢的趋势.      

粪渣污泥处理处置过程恶臭气休产生及控制研究

对粪渣污泥处理处置过程中恶臭气体的产生及控制进行了研究,结果表明,在综合处理全过程的几个主要阶段都会产生高浓度的恶臭气体,为防止恶臭气体对环境造成的二次污染,提出采用沼气锅炉焚烧和洗涤塔相结合的除臭工艺,洗涤塔除臭只有在系统启动、调试和沼气锅炉发生故障的情况下使用。     

Risk Assessment of Inbreeding and Outbreeding Depression in a Captive‐Breeding Program

Captive‐breeding programs can be implemented to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered populations such that the controlled release of captive‐bred individuals into the wild may promote recovery. A common difficulty, however, is that programs are founded with limited wild broodstock, and inbreeding can become increasingly difficult to avoid with successive generations in captivity. Program managers must choose between maintaining the genetic purity of populations, at the risk of inbreeding depression, or interbreeding populations, at the risk of outbreeding depression. We evaluate these relative risks in a captive‐breeding program for 3 endangered populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In each of 2 years, we released juvenile F₁ and F₂ interpopulation hybrids, backcrosses, as well as inbred and noninbred within‐population crosstypes into 9 wild streams. Juvenile size and survival was quantified in each year. Few crosstype effects were observed, but interestingly, the relative fitness consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding varied from year to year. Temporal variation in environmental quality might have driven some of these annual differences, by exacerbating the importance of maternal effects on juvenile fitness in a year of low environmental quality and by affecting the severity of inbreeding depression differently in different years. Nonetheless, inbreeding was more consistently associated with a negative effect on fitness, whereas the consequences of outbreeding were less predictable. Considering the challenges associated with a sound risk assessment in the wild and given that the effect of inbreeding on fitness is relatively predictable, we suggest that risk can be weighted more strongly in terms of the probable outcome of outbreeding. Factors such as genetic similarities between populations and the number of generations in isolation can sometimes be used to assess outbreeding risk, in lieu of experimentation. Evaluación del Riesgo de Depresión por Endogamia y Exogamia en un Programa de Reproducción en Cautiverio     

Ultrastructural and chemical characterization of egg surface of honeybee worker and queen-laid eggs

Summary. Worker policing in honeybees predicts the evolution of a mechanism to discriminate between queenand worker-born eggs. Although it has been postulated that this discrimination is based on an egg recognition pheromone, neither the chemistry nor the glandular source were elucidated. To verify whether egg discrimination might be based on structural differences, we compared the ultrastructure surface of queen-laid diploid and haploid eggs to that of worker-laid eggs using SEM. Only small differences between the different types of eggs were found. Thus, at least based on the fine structure of the egg surface, queen eggs are indistinguishable from worker-laid eggs.To explore the chemosensory hypothesis for egg discrimination, we conducted a detailed comparative chemical analysis of the different egg types. The coating of all egg types was dominated by linear alkanes, but queen eggs, diploid and haploid, differed from those of workers on two accounts: 1. The diversity of compounds found on queenlaid eggs was much greater than found on worker-laid eggs, mainly due to the number of hydrocarbons. 2. Acetates of some fatty alcohols, alkenes and especially monomethylalkanes were characteristic to queen eggs. The origin of the two latter substances and the acetates is still unknown. Whether these compounds constitute the signal that enables police workers to discriminate between queen- and workerborn eggs remains to be investigated.